{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T22:29:05Z","timestamp":1789597745603,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]],"date-time":"2001-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":479,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The separate and combined effects of prolonged wakefulness and alcohol were compared on measures of subjective sleepiness, simulated driving performance and drivers\u2019 ability to judge impairment. Twenty\u2010two males aged between 19 and 35\u2003years were tested on four occasions. Subjects drove for 30\u2003min on a simulated driving task under conditions determined by the factorial combination of 16 and 20\u2003h of wakefulness and blood alcohol concentrations of 0.00 and 0.08%. The simulated driving session took place 30\u2003min postingestion; subjects in the two alcohol conditions participated in a second 30\u2010min driving session 90\u2010min postingestion. Subjects made simultaneous ratings of their impairment while driving and retrospective ratings at the end of each test session. Subjective sleepiness measures were completed before and after each driving session. The combination of 20\u2003h of prolonged wakefulness and alcohol produced significantly lower ratings of subjective sleepiness and driving performance that was worse, but not significantly so, than would be expected from the additive effects of each condition alone. Driving performance was always worse in the second driving session, during the elimination phase of alcohol metabolism, despite blood alcohol concentrations being <jats:italic>lower<\/jats:italic> than during the first driving session. There was a modest association between perceived and actual impairments in driving performance following prolonged wakefulness and alcohol. The findings suggest that the combination of prolonged wakefulness and alcohol consumption produced greater decrements in simulated driving performance than each condition alone and that drivers have only a modest ability to appreciate the magnitude of their impairment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2000.00216.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T08:59:26Z","timestamp":1047459566000},"page":"233-241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Simulated driving performance following prolonged wakefulness and alcohol consumption: separate and combined contributions to impairment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"family":"Arnedt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Munt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Maclean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","unstructured":"Arnedt J. 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