{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:55:06Z","timestamp":1791158106005,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,7]],"date-time":"2008-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1215388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2775,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Vet Entomology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In anti\u2010malaria operations the use of DDT for indoor residual spraying has declined substantially over the past 30\u2003years, but this insecticide is still considered valuable for malaria control, mainly because of its low cost relative to alternative insecticides. Despite the development of resistance to DDT in some populations of malaria vector\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), DDT remains generally effective when used for house\u2010spraying against most species of\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                    , due to excitorepellency as well as insecticidal effects. A 1990 cost comparison by the World Health Organization (WHO) found DDT to be considerably less expensive than other insecticides, which cost 2 to 23 times more on the basis of cost per house per 6\u2003months of control. To determine whether such a cost advantage still prevails for DDT, this paper compares recent price quotes from manufacturers and WHO suppliers for DDT and appropriate formulations of nine other insecticides (two carbamates, two organophosphates and five pyrethroids) commonly used for residual house\u2010spraying in malaria control programmes. Based on these \u2018global\u2019 price quotes, detailed calculations show that DDT is still the least expensive insecticide on a cost per house basis, although the price appears to be rising as DDT production declines. At the same time, the prices of pyrethroids are declining, making some only slightly more expensive than DDT at low application dosages. Other costs, including operations (labour), transportation and human safety may also increase the price advantages of DDT and some pyrethroids vs. organophosphates and carbamates, although possible environmental impacts from DDT remain a concern. However, a global cost comparison may not realistically reflect local costs or effective application dosages at the country level. Recent data on insecticide prices paid by the health ministries of individual countries showed that prices of particular insecticides can vary substantially in the open market. Therefore, the most cost\u2010effective insecticide in any given country or region must be determined on a case\u2010by\u2010case basis. Regional coordination of procurement of public health insecticides could improve access to affordable products.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2000.00262.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T09:44:11Z","timestamp":1047462251000},"page":"345-354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Cost\u2010comparison of DDT and alternative insecticides for malaria control"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"210","article-title":"Indoor low\u2010Volume insecticide spray for the control of Anopheles albimanus in southern Mexico. 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