{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:59:16Z","timestamp":1773287956952,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,2]],"date-time":"2002-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1030924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Vet Entomology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                    In western North America, the tick\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Cooley &amp; Kohls (Acari: Ixodidae) is the primary vector to humans and domestic animals of the disease agents causing Lyme disease and granulocytic ehrlichiosis. We examined the seasonal activity patterns of\n                    <jats:italic>I. pacificus<\/jats:italic>\n                    nymphs over a 4\u2010year period, including the wet and cold El Ni\u00f1o winter\/spring of 1998, in a dry oak\/madrone woodland, and for one year in a cooler and moister redwood\/tanoak woodland in Mendocino County, California. Linear regressions were used to estimate when nymphal densities first exceeded and then fell below 25, 50 and 75% of the recorded yearly peak densities. In oak\/madrone woodland, nymphs typically were active by mid\u2010March, reached 50% of their yearly peak densities in early to mid\u2010April, peaked by early May, fell below 50% of their peak densities by early to mid\u2010June, and were absent by late July to mid\u2010August. The lengths of the periods with nymphal densities exceeding 50 and 75% of the recorded yearly peaks in oak\/madrone woodland were associated positively with rainfall and negatively with maximum air temperatures during April\u2013May. Moreover, nymphal numbers typically reached 50% of their peak 10\u201315\u2003days later, remained at levels above 50% of the peak 1.3\u20131.5 times longer, and started declining 4\u20136\u2003weeks later under cooler, moister climatic conditions (oak\/madrone woodland in 1998 and redwood\/tanoak woodland in 2000) relative to warmer, drier conditions (oak\/madrone woodland in 2000\u20132001). In oak\/madrone woodland, nymphal densities typically started to decline when mean maximum daily air temperatures exceeded 23\u00b0C. Nymphal densities were higher in dry oak\/madrone relative to moist redwood\/tanoak woodland from mid\u2010March to late May 2000, similar in both habitat types in early June, but higher in redwood\/tanoak woodland from late June onwards. We conclude that large\u2010scale studies of the density of\n                    <jats:italic>I. pacificus<\/jats:italic>\n                    nymphs in California need to consider spatial variation in the length of nymphal activity periods and select temporal sampling regimens that yield representative data for all included habitat types.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2002.00372.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T09:45:24Z","timestamp":1047462324000},"page":"235-244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Seasonal activity patterns of\n                    <i>Ixodes pacificus<\/i>\n                    nymphs in relation to climatic conditions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"EISEN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. J.","family":"EISEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. S.","family":"LANE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/34.2.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1938678"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.925"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Appendix methods used for creating a national Lyme disease risk map","volume":"48","author":"CDC","year":"1999","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/32.4.449"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.237"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/37.3.357"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","unstructured":"Ewers R.(1994) CA precipitation layer.http:\/\/www.gislab.teale.ca.gov\/meta\/precipa.txt"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Studies on the dynamics of active populations of the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus L. in Co. Wicklow, Ireland","volume":"25","author":"Gray J.S.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acarologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"323","article-title":"The development and seasonal activity of the tick Ixodes ricinus: a vector of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"79","author":"Gray J.S.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Review of Medical and Veterinary Entomology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01213843"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010798518261"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/32.3.290"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31853.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/26.4.272"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/28.5.719"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116448"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"534","article-title":"Lyme disease in northwestern coastal California","volume":"160","author":"Ley C.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Western Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.3.189"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/22.1.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/32.1.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.5.684"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00051555"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360000209"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","volume-title":"JMP Statistics and Graphics Guide: Version 3. JMP.","author":"SAS Institute Inc.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1941734"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","volume-title":"Biometry","author":"Sokal R.R.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/31.2.310"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3285817"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0046-225X(2000)029[0272:SATVIT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2000)037[0484:EODSFE]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.6.1025"}],"container-title":["Medical and Veterinary Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2915.2002.00372.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2915.2002.00372.x","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2002.00372.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T18:05:53Z","timestamp":1762279553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2002.00372.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2002.00372.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2002.00372.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-283X","1365-2915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-283X","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002-09-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}