{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T20:26:30Z","timestamp":1770409590049,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,18]],"date-time":"2002-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1011312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":627,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tick\u2010borne relapsing fever, caused by pathogenic <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> such as <jats:italic>B. hermsii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. turicatae<\/jats:italic>, features recurrent episodes of bacteraemia, each of which is caused by a population of spirochaetes that expresses a different variable major protein. Relapsing fever is also associated with the infection of a variety of tissues, such as the central nervous system. In this study, we show that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) mediate the attachment of relapsing fever spirochaetes to mammalian cells. <jats:italic>B. hermsii<\/jats:italic> strain DAH bound to immobilized heparin, and heparin and dermatan sulphate blocked bacterial binding to host cells. Bacterial binding was diminished by inhibition of host cell GAG synthesis or sulphation, or by the enzymatic removal of GAGs. GAGs mediated the attachment of relapsing fever spirochaetes to potentially relevant target cells, such as endothelial and glial cells. <jats:italic>B. hermsii<\/jats:italic> was able to attach to GAGs independently of variable major proteins, because strains expressing the variable major proteins Vsp33, Vlp7 or no variable major protein at all each recognized GAGs. Nevertheless, we found that a variable major protein of <jats:italic>B. turicatae<\/jats:italic> directly promoted GAG binding by this relapsing fever spirochaete. <jats:italic>B. turicatae<\/jats:italic> strain Oz1 serotype B, which expresses the variable major protein VspB, bound to GAGs more efficiently than did <jats:italic>B. turicatae<\/jats:italic> Oz1 serotype A, which expresses VspA. Recombinant VspB, but not VspA, bound to heparin and dermatan sulphate. Previous studies have shown that strain Oz1 serotype B grows to higher concentrations in the blood than does Oz1 serotype A. Thus, relapsing fever spirochaetes have the potential to express Vsp\u2010dependent and Vsp\u2010independent GAG\u2010binding activities and, for one pair of highly related <jats:italic>B. turicatae<\/jats:italic> strains, differences in GAG binding correlate with differences in tissue tropism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01906.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T11:31:08Z","timestamp":1047468668000},"page":"886-897","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Variable small protein (Vsp)\u2010dependent and Vsp\u2010independent pathways for glycosaminoglycan recognition by relapsing fever spirochaetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Loranne","family":"Magoun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfram 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