{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T06:12:50Z","timestamp":1793513570661,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1027555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Because it can undergo reversible changes in oxidation state, iron is an excellent biocatalyst but also a potentially deleterious metal. Iron\u2010mediated toxicity has been ascribed to Fe(II), which reacts with oxygen to generate free radicals that damage macromolecules and cause cell death. However, we now report that Fe(III) exhibits microbicidal activity towards strains of <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> defective in the Fe(III)\u2010responding PmrA\/PmrB signal transduction system. Fe(III) bound to a <jats:italic>pmrA Salmonella<\/jats:italic> mutant more effectively than to the isogenic wild\u2010type strain and exerted its microbicidal activity even under anaerobic conditions. Moreover, Fe(III) permeabilized the outer membrane of the <jats:italic>pmrA<\/jats:italic> mutant, rendering it susceptible to vancomycin, which is normally non\u2010toxic to Gram\u2010negative species. On the other hand, Fe(III) did not affect the viability of a mutant defective in Fur, the major regulator of cytosolic iron homeostasis, which is hypersensitive to Fe(II)\u2010mediated toxicity. A functional <jats:italic>pmrA<\/jats:italic> gene was necessary for bacterial survival in soil. Our results indicate that Fe(III) exerts its microbicidal activity by a mechanism that is oxygen independent and different from that mediated by Fe(II).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.03041.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T11:45:09Z","timestamp":1047469509000},"page":"711-719","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Fe(III)\u2010mediated cellular toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Sangpen","family":"Chamnongpol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Dodson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Cromie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z. 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