{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:18:02Z","timestamp":1791296282727,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,9]],"date-time":"2003-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1049846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 14.6\u2003kb prophage\u2010like insertion, termed <jats:italic>skin<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>Cd<\/jats:sup>, was found to interrupt the <jats:italic>sigK<\/jats:italic> gene, which encodes an RNA polymerase sigma factor essential for sporulation, in six strains of <jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic>. Until now, <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic> was the only spore\u2010former shown to carry such an insertion, and the presence of the insertion is not required for efficient sporulation in this organism. The <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. difficile skin<\/jats:italic> elements proved to be divergent in sequence, inserted at different sites within the <jats:italic>sigK<\/jats:italic> gene and in opposite orientations. The <jats:italic>skin<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>Cd<\/jats:sup> element was excised from the chromosome specifically during sporulation, forming a circular molecule. Two natural isolates of <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic> lacked the <jats:italic>skin<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>Cd<\/jats:sup> element and were defective in sporulation. When a merodiploid strain was created that carries both interrupted and uninterrupted versions of the <jats:italic>sigK<\/jats:italic> gene, the cells became Spo<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>, showing that the uninterrupted gene is dominant and inhibits sporulation. <jats:italic>C. difficile sigK<\/jats:italic> genes, whether <jats:italic>skin<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>Cd+<\/jats:sup> or <jats:italic>skin<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>Cd\u2013<\/jats:sup>, lack the N\u2010terminal pro\u2010sequence found in all other <jats:italic>sigK<\/jats:italic> genes studied to date. Thus, regulated excision of <jats:italic>skin<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>Cd<\/jats:sup> appears to be a critical mechanism for achieving proper temporal activation of \u03c3<jats:sup>K<\/jats:sup>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03471.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,27]],"date-time":"2004-12-27T22:42:29Z","timestamp":1104187349000},"page":"811-821","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Efficient sporulation in <i>Clostridium difficile<\/i> requires disruption of the \u03c3<sup>K<\/sup> gene"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Jeralyn D.","family":"Haraldsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham 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