{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T16:35:45Z","timestamp":1791131745229,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,8]],"date-time":"2003-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1052352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intra\u2010 and interspecific natural transformation has been observed in many prokaryotic species and is considered a fundamental mechanism for the generation of genetic variation. Recently, it has been described in detail how, in transformable <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic> BD413 and <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, long stretches of nucleotides lacking homology were integrated into recipient genomes when they were linked on one side to a small piece of DNA with homology to resident DNA serving as a <jats:italic>recA<\/jats:italic>\u2010dependent recombination anchor. Now, such homology\u2010facilitated illegitimate recombination (HFIR) has also been detected in transformable <jats:italic>Pseudomonas stutzeri<\/jats:italic>. However, analysis of the recombinants revealed qualitative and quantitative differences in their generation compared with that in <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic> BD413. In <jats:italic>P. stutzeri<\/jats:italic>, foreign DNA with an anchor sequence was integrated 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\u2010 to 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\u2010fold less frequently than fully homologous DNA, but still at least 200\u2010fold more frequently than without the anchor. The anchor sequence could be as small as 311\u2003bp. Remarkably, in 98% of the events, the 3\u2032 end was integrated within the homologous anchor, whereas the 5\u2032 end underwent illegitimate fusion. Moreover, about one\u2010third of the illegitimate fusion sites shared no or only a single identical basepair in foreign and resident DNA. The other fusions occurred within microhomologies of up to 6\u2003bp with a higher GC content on average than the interacting nucleotide sequences. Foreign DNA of 69\u20131903\u2003bp was integrated, and resident DNA of 22\u20132345\u2003bp was lost. In a <jats:italic>recA<\/jats:italic> mutant, HFIR was not detectable. The findings suggest that genomic acquisition of foreign DNA by HFIR during transformation occurs widely in prokaryotes, but that details of the required recombination and strand fusion mechanisms may differ between organisms from different genera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03498.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,8]],"date-time":"2003-05-08T14:51:59Z","timestamp":1052405519000},"page":"1107-1118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Mechanisms of homology\u2010facilitated illegitimate recombination for foreign DNA acquisition in transformable <i>Pseudomonas 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