{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:27:03Z","timestamp":1790832423817,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,9]],"date-time":"2008-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1223510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3083,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropathology Appl Neurobio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The clinical, virological and immunocytochemical features of three children who recovered from acute herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) before the age of 2\u2003years, and who developed secondary severe focal epilepsy after a symptom\u2010free period, leading to neurosurgery 3\u201310\u2003years later are described. In one child, relapse of HSE occurred immediately after surgery. In all three patients, brain sample biopsies showed abundant CD3\u2010positive T lymphocytes with a majority of CD8 cells, and abundant activated macrophage\u2010microglial cells, a pattern similar to that found in acute HSE. Herpes simplex virus DNA was retrieved from the tissue biopsy in one case. The long\u2010term persistent cerebral inflammatory process observed after HSE differed from that observed in another chronic viral disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. This inflammatory reaction may be a result either of low\u2010grade viral expression or self\u2010induced immune activation. The role of inflammation in triggering epilepsy remains hypothetical. Solving these issues should have major therapeutic implications. Herpes simplex virus DNA latency in brain may be the source of replicative HSE relapse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.2000.00243.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T14:51:32Z","timestamp":1047480692000},"page":"285-294","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Immunocytochemical characterization of long\u2010term persistent immune activation in human brain after herpes simplex encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Lellouch\u2010Tubiana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Fohlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Robain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Rozenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198403000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-973546"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.5.1248"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389501000504"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199903000-00106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4898","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.8.4898-4905.1995","article-title":"Gamma interferon expression during acute and latent nervous system infection by herpes simplex virus type 1","volume":"69","author":"Cantin EM","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(89)90051-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(94)90068-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(89)90050-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1989.tb01230.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","unstructured":"GrahamDI&LantosPL.Pathological features of specific viral diseases. 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