{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:18:34Z","timestamp":1790979514705,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,25]],"date-time":"2001-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":724,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>In stage II human african trypanosomiasis (HAT), which is characterized by central nervous system (CNS) involvement, neurones and oligodendrocytes might be targets of dysimmune processes. Nitric oxide (NO) production by peripheral macrophages is documented in HAT. We studied the production of NO by murine astrocytes and microglia cocultured with <\/jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei(T. b.) brucei<jats:italic> AnTat 1.9. Purified astrocytes or microglia from mouse brains were cocultured with <\/jats:italic>T. b. brucei<jats:italic>, and in some instances with interferon (IFN)\u2010\u03b3, which is known to be released during the disease and also to be a growth factor for trypanosomes. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression was studied by indirect immunofluorescence and reverse transcriptase\u2010polymerase chain reaction. NO production was determined by measuring nitrite generation in culture. Detection of iNOS in astrocytes and microglia in the presence of <\/jats:italic>T. b. brucei<jats:italic>, was closely associated with nitrite production and was strongly enhanced by the addition of IFN\u2010\u03b3 to the culture medium. The stimulation of iNOS activity required parasite\u2013cell contact and likely occurred at the transcriptional level. This study demonstrates the induction of iNOS in CNS\u2010related macrophage cells in the presence of trypanosomes and its potentiation by IFN\u2010\u03b3<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2000.00264.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T17:09:05Z","timestamp":1047488945000},"page":"7-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["<i>In vitro<\/i> induction of nitric oxide synthase in astrocytes and microglia by<i> Trypanosoma brucei brucei<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Murielle","family":"Girard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoulikha","family":"Ayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre\u2010Marie","family":"Preux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Bouteille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Louis","family":"Preud'homme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Dumas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie\u2010Odile","family":"Jauberteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,25]]},"container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3024.2000.00264.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2000.00264.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T12:31:40Z","timestamp":1698582700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2000.00264.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2000.00264.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2000.00264.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0141-9838","1365-3024"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0141-9838","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3024","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}}}