{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T13:46:35Z","timestamp":1789911995753,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,25]],"date-time":"2001-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":389,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> <jats:italic>The relationship between intestinal pathology and immune expulsion of gastrointestinal nematodes remains controversial. Parasite expulsion is associated with intestinal pathology in several model systems and both of these phenomena are T cell dependent. However, while immune expulsion of gastrointestinal helminth parasites is usually associated with Th2 responses, the effector mechanisms directly responsible for parasite loss have not been elucidated. In contrast, the intestinal pathology observed in many other disease models closely resembles that seen in helminth infections, but has been attributed to Th1 cytokines. We have used infection with the nematode <\/jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<jats:italic> in mice defective for cytokines to demonstrate that although parasite expulsion is indeed IL\u20104 dependent, contrary to expectations, the enteropathy is also regulated by IL\u20104. Furthermore, abrogation of severe pathology in iNOS deficient and TNF receptor defective animals does not prevent parasite expulsion. TNF and iNOS are therefore involved in intestinal pathology in nematode infections, apparently under regulation by IL\u20104 and Th2 mediated responses. Therefore, it appears that the IL\u20104\u2010dependent protective response against the parasite operates by a mechanism other than merely the gross degradation of the parasite's environment brought about by the immune enteropathy. However, it remains important to elucidate the protective mechanisms involved in parasite expulsion, which are still unclear<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2000.00344.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T17:09:13Z","timestamp":1047488953000},"page":"605-612","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Immunopathology of intestinal helminth infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Garside","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm W.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Wakelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine E.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(75)90077-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000075272"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000059369"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.21.1.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","first-page":"166","article-title":"T\u2010helper subset function in the gut of rats: differential stimulation of eosinophils, mucosal mast cells and antibody\u2010forming cells by. 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