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Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of all groups studied proliferated to rSm14. However, the highest proliferation index to rSm14 was detected in uninfected endemic normal (EN) individuals who are naturally resistant to schistosomiasis. Regarding the cytokines produced, the levels of interleukin (IL)\u20105 and IL\u201010, known as Th2 cytokines, were not statistically different among all groups studied. In contrast, interferon (IFN)\u2010\u03b3 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)\u2010\u03b1 were produced in significantly higher amounts by PBMC of EN individuals following rSm14 stimulation. Additionally, we have determined by flow cytometry that CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2003T cells from these individuals are the main lymphocyte subpopulation producing IFN\u2010\u03b3 and TNF\u2010\u03b1. Moreover, we have used rIL\u201010 or rIFN\u2010\u03b3, or monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) against these two cytokines to determine their role on cellular reactivity to rSm14. Exogenous IL\u201010 suppressed T\u2010cell proliferation and neutralization of endogenous IL\u201010 restored lymphocyte activation and enhanced IFN\u2010\u03b3 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 production in chronically infected patients. In contrast, the addition of anti\u2010IFN\u2010\u03b3 totally abrogated the PBMC proliferation within the EN group. This study demonstrated that IL\u201010 is an important cytokine down\u2010regulating T\u2010cell responses in chronic schistosomiasis, whereas lymphocyte proliferation in the uninfected resistant group is dependent on IFN\u2010\u03b3. Taken together these results suggest that Th1 type of immune response induced in EN individuals to a specific schistosome antigen might be associated with resistance to infection and also highlighted the importance of Sm14 as a potential vaccine candidate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2000.00710.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T20:14:23Z","timestamp":1047500063000},"page":"595-601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["CD4<sup>+<\/sup> T Cells of Schistosomiasis Naturally Resistant Individuals Living in an Endemic Area Produce Interferon\u2010\u03b3 and Tumour Necrosis Factor\u2010\u03b1 in Response to The Recombinant 14<scp>kda<\/scp><i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i> Fatty Acid\u2010Binding Protein"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"family":"Brito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Caldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Coura Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Correa\u2010Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761995000200017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.1.269"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1989.tb00557.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.169.1.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-7915(93)90035-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.5.1405"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011693"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/349243a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3654","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.11.3654","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody to IFN\u2010\u03b3 modifies pulmonary inflammatory responses and abrogates immunity to Schistosoma mansoni in mice vaccinated with attenuated cercariae","volume":"149","author":"Smythies LE","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02917588"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90436-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5461","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.10.5461","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor plays a role in Schistosoma mansoni egg\u2010induced granulomatous inflammation","volume":"151","author":"Joseph AL","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1996.0097"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.18.8676"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.148.6.1792","article-title":"IL\u201010 inhibits parasite killing and nitrogen oxide production by IFN\u2010\u03b3\u2010activated macrophages","volume":"148","author":"Gazzinelli RT","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90334-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000231780"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.130.6.2891","article-title":"Immune response during human schistosomiasis mansoni. 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