{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T11:54:48Z","timestamp":1789905288433,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,7]],"date-time":"2008-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1215388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2744,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the SAA1 and SAA2 protein isoforms (A\u2010SAA) of the serum amyloid A (SAA) family of acute phase reactants have been found in a number of extrahepatic tissues; the site of synthesis of extrahepatic SAA remains to be clarified. To investigate site(s) of synthesis of the SAA protein localized to atherosclerotic plaque, expression of the SAA1 and SAA2 genes by cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) was investigated. A\u2010SAA protein isoforms were detectable by immunoblot analysis in the culture medium of HASMC. Both A\u2010SAA and C\u2010SAA (SAA4) mRNA isoforms were constitutively expressed by HASMC, but not, however, by the human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Expression of A\u2010SAA mRNA by HASMC was upregulated by corticoid hormones including dexamethasone (Dex), corticosterone, hydrocortisone, and aldosterone, but not by the cytokines interleukin (IL)\u20101, IL\u20106, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)\u2010\u03b1 alone. Dex stimulation of A\u2010SAA mRNA was time and dose dependent from 6 to 48\u2003h. The threshold concentration for upregulation of A\u2010SAA mRNA in HASMC by Dex was between 0.1 and 1\u2003n<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>. IL\u20101, known to upregulate extrahepatic A\u2010SAA gene expression in other cell systems only slightly, if at all, upregulated Dex\u2010induced A\u2010SAA expression by HASMC. Thus, it is possible that some of the A\u2010SAA protein in the vascular wall (atherosclerotic plaques) can originate from smooth muscle cells. In consideration of recent reports that A\u2010SAA modulates the inflammatory process and lipid synthesis, A\u2010SAA can potentially serve as a physiological regulator of smooth muscle cell homeostasis within that, in a disease state, participates in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2001.00829.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T20:15:28Z","timestamp":1047500128000},"page":"7-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Dexamethasone, but not IL\u20101 Alone, Upregulates Acute\u2010Phase Serum Amyloid A Gene Expression and Production by Cultured Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells<sup>*<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Y.","family":"Kumon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Suehiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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