{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:52:47Z","timestamp":1790005967664,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,13]],"date-time":"2002-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1010880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":73,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Granulomatous inflammation in schistosomiasis is a delayed\u2010type hypersensitivity reaction mediated by CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells specific for parasite egg antigens (Ags). In an attempt to control T\u2010cell responses leading to excessive harmful inflammation and granuloma formation, especially in the liver, BALB\/<jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic> mice were intranasally (i.n.) treated with soluble <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> egg Ags (SEA) conjugated to cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), a mucosa\u2010binding protein with demonstrated capacity to suppress inflammatory T\u2010cell functions after mucosal administration. Treatment with CTB\u2013SEA significantly conjugate a reduced liver granuloma formation in infected mice associated with decreased SEA specific Th1\u2010 and Th2\u2010type immune responses by liver leukocytes. Importantly, treatment with CTB\u2013SEA conjugate also significantly reduced the mortality in chronically infected mice. In <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected large\u2010granuloma forming CBA mice, i.n. treatment with purified Sm\u2010p40, the major egg antigen, conjugated to CTB likewise significantly inhibited hepatic egg granuloma formation. A reduction of SEA\u2010driven lymphoproliferation and of interferon (IFN)\u2010\u03b3, interleukin (IL)\u20104 and IL\u20105 production, together with an increase in transforming growth factor (TGF)\u2010\u03b2<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> production, were observed in splenic cells from CTB\u2010Sm\u2010p40\u2010treated SEA\u2010sensitized mice, as well as in liver leukocytes from CTB\u2010Sm\u2010p40\u2010treated schistosome\u2010infected mice. These results indicate that mucosal administration of SEA or purified Sm\u2010p40 antigen in conjunction with CTB is highly effective in curtailing immunopathologic manifestations of schistosomiasis <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> in infected hosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2001.00977.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T20:17:10Z","timestamp":1047500230000},"page":"440-447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Nasal Administration of <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i> Egg Antigen\u2010Cholera B Subunit Conjugate Suppresses Hepatic Granuloma Formation and Reduces Mortality in <i>S. mansoni<\/i>\u2010Infected Mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"J.\u2010B.","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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