{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:14:03Z","timestamp":1788455643277,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,24]],"date-time":"2002-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1011830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To study the location and mechanism of apoptosis within the human tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy lesions, parallel sections were analyzed for mycobacterial antigens (M.Ag), Fas ligand (FasL), Fas, CD68 and Mac387 by immunohistochemistry, and apoptotic cells by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl\u2010transferase\u2010mediated dUTP\u2010digoxigenin nick end labelling method. Cutaneous leishmaniasis and foreign body granulomas were analyzed for comparison. The heavily infected macrophages in multibacillary TB and leprosy granulomas very strongly expressed FasL, indicating that a mycobacterial infection can induce an increased expression of FasL in a population of infected macrophages, which may protect them from the attack of Fas\u2010expressing lymphocytes. However, macrophages with high levels of leishmania amastigotes did not selectively express FasL, suggesting that this phenomenon is specific for the mycobacteria. Interestingly, in the well\u2010formed TB granulomas, 84% of the multinucleated giant cells strongly expressed FasL. The expression of Fas was weak (34%) or absent. A higher number (33%) of epithelioid cells expressed FasL than Fas (23%). Lymphocytes were scanty among the epithelioid cells. The frequency of apoptotic cells was higher in the epithelioid cells (0.25%) than the mononuclear cells in the mantle zone (0.14%). Thus, the epithelioid cells and the multinucleated giant cells by virtue of the increased expression of FasL may make these granulomas an immune privileged site for mycobacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2001.01020.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T20:17:28Z","timestamp":1047500248000},"page":"630-639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Increased Expression of Fas Ligand in Human Tuberculosis and Leprosy Lesions: a Potential Novel Mechanism of Immune Evasion in Mycobacterial Infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Bjune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Jonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Hernandez Pando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Nilsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Mechanisms of Cell\u2010Mediated Immunity","author":"North RJ","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"389","volume-title":"Tuberculosis; Pathogenesis, Protection, and Control.","author":"Chan J","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1096-9896(199701)181:1[amp]#60;31::aid-path722>3.3.co;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.12.5272-5278.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.1.298-304.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.5.1541","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha, and IL\u20101 beta prevent programmed cell death (apoptosis) in human peripheral blood monocytes","volume":"146","author":"Mangan DF","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.6.2930"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.12.5384-5389.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.1.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.4.1499"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.11.5448"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.5.2636","article-title":"Pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis evades apoptosis of host macrophages by release of TNF\u2010R2, resulting in inactivation of TNF\u2010alpha","volume":"161","author":"Balcewicz\u2010Sablinska MK","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1995.tb01716.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1171"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","first-page":"507","article-title":"Increased expression of Fas ligand on Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages: A potential novel mechanism of immune evasion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?","volume":"23","author":"Mustafa T","year":"1999","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1988.tb02342.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(83)90039-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/372100a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00313028709077132"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00331373"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V94.10.3439.422k23_3439_3447"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1827.1999.00816.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.1.199-206.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1296-1361"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2001.5037"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.4.1594","article-title":"Human monocytic cells contain high levels of intracellular Fas ligand: rapid release following cellular activation","volume":"159","author":"Kiener PA","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830250828"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.6.1777"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.8.1205"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.12.2045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0198-031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0396-317"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5291.1363"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(11)80441-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","first-page":"255","article-title":"Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five\u2010group system","volume":"34","author":"Ridley DS","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","first-page":"183","article-title":"Granulomatous inflammations","volume":"24","author":"Boros DL","year":"1978","journal-title":"Prog Allergy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.3.1423","article-title":"Induction of specific T cell tolerance by Fas ligand\u2010expressing antigen\u2010presenting cells","volume":"162","author":"Zhang HG","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314667"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5239.1189"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/377630a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09529.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)93237-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711130102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90560-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/o90-160"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3083.2001.01020.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3083.2001.01020.x","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2001.01020.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T21:09:36Z","timestamp":1697576976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2001.01020.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2001.01020.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2001.01020.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9475","1365-3083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9475","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002-01-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}