{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T12:44:26Z","timestamp":1765975466886},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,25]],"date-time":"2001-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":724,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Summary<\/jats:bold> Schistosomiasis is a public health problem in Nigeria. Although there is a national programme for its control, there is the need for reliable and simple means of rapidly diagnosing communities to provide a detailed map on the distribution of the disease in the country, in order to prioritize control activities, as well as to monitor the effectiveness of control operations. A rapid assessment technique using school questionnaires was tested in Borgu Local Government Area (LGA), Niger State, north\u2010western Nigeria. Following a series of focus group discussions, the questionnaires were adapted before they were administered through the school system to 60 primary schools in Borgu LGA. Correctly completed questionnaires were returned from 58 schools (97%) within 4\u00a0weeks. Questionnaires were validated by reagent stick tests performed by trained teachers. Their results proved to be reliable compared to those obtained by our research team in 20 randomly selected schools. Overall prevalences of microhaematuria at 1+\u00a0and 2+ levels were 45.7% and 27.1%, respectively. Highly significant correlations were obtained between school prevalence of microhaematuria and reported schistosomiasis, as well as reported blood in urine. The diagnostic performance of the questionnaires at the 2+ level of microhaematuria was very good. The design of our study also allowed data analysis on an individual level, and multivariate analysis revealed highly significant odds ratios for reported schistosomiasis and reported blood in urine to detect an individual with urinary schistosomiasis. Our results are in good agreement with reports from other African countries, and questionnaires can be recommended for rapid identification of communities at highest risk of urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria, so that scarce resources of the national control programme can be used most effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00508.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T21:33:43Z","timestamp":1047504823000},"page":"53-63","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Control of urinary schistosomiasis: an investigation into the effective use of questionnaires to identify high\u2010risk communities and individuals in Niger State, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"M. A.","family":"Mafe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"von Stamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Utzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. K.","family":"N'goran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-209.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"A comparison of the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni among secondary schoolchildren in Ilorin, Kwara State.","volume":"9","author":"Awogun IA","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)60526-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)90884-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"The Schistosomiasis Manual","author":"Chitsulo L","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Bilharziasis (schistosomiasis) in Nigeria.","volume":"25","author":"Cowper SG","year":"1973","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","volume-title":"The Focus Group Manual","author":"Dawson S","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma infections among primary schoolchildren in Bauchi State, Nigeria.","volume":"9","author":"Istifanus WA","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"The use of questionnaires for the identification of high risk areas for urinary schisto\u2010 somiasis: the Ethiopian experience.","volume":"34","author":"Jemaneh L","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ethiopian Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.3.796"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"Rapid, low\u2010cost, two\u2010step method to screen for urinary schistosomiasis at the district level: the Kilosa experience.","volume":"69","author":"Lengeler C","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90004-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90504-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(97)00102-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-407.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Evaluation of Soil\u2010Transmitted Helminthiasis and Schistosomiasis at Community Level: a Guide for Managers of Control Programmes","author":"Montresor A","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Evaluation of reagent strips in urine tests for detection of Schistosoma haematobium infection: a comparative study in Ghana and Zambia.","volume":"63","author":"Mott KE","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"253","article-title":"Identification rapide par questionnaire des principaux foyers de bilharziose urinaire au centre de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire.","volume":"58","author":"N'goran EK","year":"1998","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine Tropicale"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","volume-title":"Identification of high\u2010risk communities for schistosomiasis in Africa: a multicountry study","author":"Red Urine Study Group","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"Control of morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium on Pemba Island: programme, organization and management.","volume":"40","author":"Savioli L","year":"1989","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","first-page":"489","volume-title":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Two Decades of Research on Lake Kainji","author":"Tayo MA","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1998.00292.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90287-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","volume-title":"The control of schistosomiasis: Second Report of the WHO Expert Committee","author":"WHO","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90134-2"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; 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