{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:36:47Z","timestamp":1782463007623,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,24]],"date-time":"2002-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1011830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite growing public resistance to the practice of female genital cutting (FGC), documentation of its prevalence, social correlates or trends in practice are extremely limited, and most available data are based on self\u2010reporting. In three antenatal and three family planning clinics in South\u2010west Nigeria we studied the prevalence, social determinants, and validity of self\u2010reporting for FGC among 1709 women. Women were interviewed on social and demographic history, and whether or not they had undergone FGC. Interviews were followed by clinical examination to affirm the occurrence and extent of circumcision. In total, 45.9% had undergone some form of cutting. Based on WHO classifications by type, 32.6% had Type I cuts, 11.5% Type II, and 1.9% Type III or IV. Self\u2010reported FGC status was valid in 79% of women; 14% were unsure of their status, and 7% reported their status incorrectly. Women are more likely to be unsure of their status if they were not cut, or come from social groups with a lower prevalence of cutting. Ethnicity was the most significant social predictor of FGC, followed by age, religious affiliation and education. Prevalence of FGC was highest among the Bini and Urhobo, among those with the least education, and particularly high among adherents to Pentecostal churches; this was independent of related social factors. There is evidence of a steady and steep secular decline in the prevalence of FGC in this region over the past 25\u2003years, with age\u2010specific prevalence rates of 75.4% among women aged 45\u201349\u2003years, 48.6% among 30\u201334\u2010year olds, and 14.5% among girls aged 15\u201319. Despite wide disparities in FGC prevalence across ethnic, religious and educational groups, the secular decline is evident among all social subgroups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00829.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T21:37:46Z","timestamp":1047505066000},"page":"91-100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Female genital cutting in southern urban and peri\u2010urban Nigeria: self\u2010reported validity, social determinants and secular decline"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"R. C.","family":"Snow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. E.","family":"Slanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. E.","family":"Okonofua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Oronsaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Wacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"227","article-title":"Current status of female circumcision among Nigerian Igbos","volume":"16","author":"Adinma J","year":"1997","journal-title":"WAJM"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Female genital mutilation: socio\u2010cultural factors that influence the practice in Kassena\u2010Nankana District, Ghana","volume":"2","author":"Adongo P","year":"1998","journal-title":"African Journal of Reproductive Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","unstructured":"CarrD(1997)Female Genital Cutting \u2013 Findings from the Demographic and Health Survey Program. Macro International Inc Calverton MD USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(89)90041-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","unstructured":"Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)(1999)Nigeria 1990; Central African Repubolic 1994; Ivory Coast 1994; Egypt 1995; Eritrea 1995; Mali 1995\u201396; Tanzania 1996; Kenya 1998; Niger 1998; Burkina Faso 1999; Nigeria 1999. IRD\/Macro International Inc. Calverton MD USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","unstructured":"Egyptian Fertility Care Society (EFCS)(1996)Clinic\u2010Based Investigation of the Typology and Self\u2010Reporting of FGM in Egypt. 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