{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:19:38Z","timestamp":1791202778692,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,25]],"date-time":"2001-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":664,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mycoses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In pooled samples of faeces from 25 pet bird flocks in Thuringia, a high rate of contamination with <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic> var. <jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic> was found. The prevalence of <jats:italic>Cr. neoformans<\/jats:italic> in the bird\u2010breeding establishments correlated with the numbers of the different pet bird species in these flocks. The differentiation between varieties of <jats:italic>Cr. neoformans<\/jats:italic> by means of proline assimilation and canavanine resistance detection as well as with the aid of <jats:italic>Cr. neoformans<\/jats:italic> factor sera, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting, sequencing of PCR products as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed uniform results which also corresponded to the serological differentiation between serovars A and D. A predominance of serovar A could be observed among the pet bird breeding flocks. This corresponded to the frequency distribution of serovars A and D in cases of human diseases in Germany. In 50% of the samples of pigeon excreta examined (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=30) in Innsbruck (Austria), <jats:italic>Cryptococcus albidus<\/jats:italic> could be isolated but not <jats:italic>Cr. neoformans<\/jats:italic>. However, this <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> species is of minor pathogenetic importance for man. <jats:italic>Cryptococcus albidus<\/jats:italic> may be clearly distinguished from <jats:italic>Cr. neoformans<\/jats:italic> by means of microbiological methods, PCR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0507.2000.00534.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T14:47:13Z","timestamp":1047480433000},"page":"7-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Occurrence of <i>Cryptococcus<\/i> spp. in excreta of pigeons and pet birds"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"family":"Kielstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Hotzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Schmalreck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Khaschabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Glawischnig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219780001411"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1998.tb00359.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1995.tb00483.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","first-page":"419","article-title":"Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Cryptococcus neoformans in Kotproben von im menschlichen Wohnbereich gehaltenen V\u00f6geln.","volume":"104","author":"Weber A.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Berl. 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