{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T09:53:44Z","timestamp":1791107624029,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,25]],"date-time":"2001-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":625,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev Growth Differ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sperm activating and \u2010attracting factor (SAAF), derived from the egg of the ascidian <jats:italic>Ciona<\/jats:italic>, activates sperm motility through adenosine 3\u2032:5\u2032\u2010cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)\u2010synthesis. A demembranated preparation of intact immotile sperm without SAAF was shown to require cAMP for reactivation. However, a demembranated preparation of intact motile sperm treated with SAAF did not require cAMP for reactivation, suggesting that cAMP is a prerequisite factor for SAAF\u2010dependent activation of sperm motility. Furthermore, a cAMP\u2010dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor, H\u201089, was found to inhibit sperm motility. During <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> activation of sperm motility by SAAF or cAMP, a 26 kDa axonemal protein and 21 kDa dynein light chain were phosphorylated, respectively, suggesting the involvement of PKA\u2010dependent phosphorylation of these proteins in sperm activation. The calmodulin antagonist, W\u20107, and an inhibitor of calmodulin\u2010dependent myosin light chain kinase, ML\u20107, also inhibited the activation of sperm motility. Inhibition was reversed by the addition of phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3\u2010isobutyl\u20101\u2010methylxanthine. Demembranated preparations of immotile sperm in the presence of W\u20107 or ML\u20107 were reactivated by cAMP, suggesting that calmodulin participated in sperm activation and that cAMP synthesis was followed by activation of a calmodulin\u2010dependent mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-169x.2000.00489.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T14:23:28Z","timestamp":1047392608000},"page":"129-138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Cyclic AMP\u2010 and calmodulin\u2010dependent phosphorylation of 21 and 26 kDa proteins in axoneme is a prerequisite for SAAF\u2010induced motile activation in ascidian spermatozoa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Mamoru","family":"Nomura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Inaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Morisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.111.5.1859"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.7937"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1984.tb38282.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.970280303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.970320108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.100.4.815","article-title":"Activating of Ciona sperm motility: Phosphorylation of dynein polypeptides and effect of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.","volume":"100","author":"Dey C. 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