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The prevalence of chronic HBV infection is lowest (&lt; 1%) in North America, Australia and New Zealand, 2\u20134% in Japan, 5\u201318% in China and highest (15\u201320%) in Taiwan as well as several other countries in South East Asia. Perinatal transmission is common in HBV\u2010hyperendemic areas. Geographical clusters of horizontal HBV infection have been reported in both high\u2010 and low\u2010risk countries. Common sources of infection, including iatrogenic and sexual transmission, have been implicated. Migrant studies indicate the importance of childhood environments in the determination of HBV infection. Rural\u2013urban and ethnic differences in the prevalence of HBV infection have also been reported. There has been a decrease in the prevalence of HBV infection after mass HBV vaccination programmes in some Asia\u2013 Pacific countries, which may be due to the intervention of possible transmission routes through the use of disposable syringes and needles, screening of HBV infection markers in blood banks, and prevention of high\u2010risk tattooing, acupuncture, ear\u2010piercing and sexual contact. A striking decrease in the incidence of HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma has been observed among children in Taiwan and other areas where mass vaccination programmes have been implemented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2000.02124.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T05:16:42Z","timestamp":1047446202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":164,"title":["Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in the Asia\u2013Pacific region"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chien\u2010Jen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li\u2010Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming\u2010Whei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)90585-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/146.2.198"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113532","article-title":"Incidence of hepatitis among students at a University in Taiwan.","volume":"117","author":"Beasley RP","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. 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