{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T10:26:23Z","timestamp":1761647183948},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,28]],"date-time":"2002-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1030492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ANZ Journal of Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> \u2003High biliary calcium and trace elements (copper, zinc and iron) in patients with chronic cholelithiasis can be associated with gallstones.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> \u2003Estimations of calcium, copper, zinc and iron were done in the serum, gall bladder bile and gallstones of 48 patients with chronic cholelithiasis and in 20 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched controls. Biliary levels of calcium and trace elements and bile\/serum ratio of calcium and trace elements were compared in the two groups.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> \u2003Serum calcium was significantly less (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.009) than controls, but biliary calcium was higher in the patients with chronic cholecystitis. All trace elements were found to be significantly higher (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2264 0.036) in the bile of patients with chronic cholelithiasis. The bile\/serum ratio of calcium, copper and zinc was significantly greater (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2264 0.03) in patients of chronic cholelithiasis. Gall bladder bile in patients with chronic cholelithiasis was slightly more alkaline. Pigment stones contained significantly more calcium, copper and iron than cholesterol stones (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2264 0.001).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>  <jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>Higher biliary calcium and trace elements as well as a defective pH of gall bladder bile in patients with chronic cholelithiasis could be the underlying factor in the pathogenesis of gallstones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2002.02485.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T02:49:52Z","timestamp":1047350992000},"page":"596-599","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Study of serum calcium and trace elements in chronic cholelithiasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Ganga R.","family":"Verma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajay K.","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shashank M.","family":"Bose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840190509"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529309096098"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90825-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1972.04180080213036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365516309051336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Molecular basis of patho\u00adphysiology of Indian childhood cirrhosis: Role of nuclear copper accumulation in liver","volume":"156","author":"Prasad R","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol. 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