{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T14:22:43Z","timestamp":1773152563146,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,13]],"date-time":"2002-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1010880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":561,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetic Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> <jats:bold>SUMMARY<\/jats:bold> <\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Aims\u2003<\/jats:bold> This study investigated the association between glutamic acid decarb\u2010 oxylase antibodies (GAD\u2010AB) and Type 1, Type 2, pancreatic and lipoatrophic diabetes mellitus (DM) in South African patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2003<\/jats:bold> Four groups were selected: group A, 100 Black Type 1 DM patients (age at onset &lt;\u200a35\u2003years, body mass index (BMI)\u2003&lt;\u200327\u2003kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and insulin dependent within 1\u2003year of presentation); group B, 80 Black Type 2\u2003DM patients (age at onset &gt;\u200a35\u2003years, BMI\u2003&gt;\u200327\u2003kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and controlled on oral hypoglycaemic agents for at least 1\u2003year after presentation); group C, 10 patients of varying ethnicity with DM or impaired glucose tolerance secondary to chronic pancreatitis; group D, five patients of varying ethnicity with DM associated with total lipodystrophy. Fifty healthy Black control subjects were also studied (group E). Serum GAD\u2010AB and random C\u2010peptide levels were measured by radioimmunoassay.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2003<\/jats:bold> Mean C\u2010peptide concentration was significantly lower in Type 1\u2003DM patients than Type 2\u2003DM patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.00001). Forty\u2010four patients with Type 1\u2003DM were GAD\u2010AB\u2010positive compared to two patients with Type 2\u2003DM. Two control subjects were also GAD\u2010AB\u2010positive. No patient in the other groups had a titre &gt;\u200a1\u2003U\/ml. Type 1\u2003DM patients who were GAD\u2010AB\u2010positive did not differ from those who were GAD\u2010AB\u2010negative for age at onset, duration of DM or C\u2010peptide concentrations.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2003<\/jats:bold> Auto\u2010immune beta\u2010cell destruction has an important role in the pathogenesis of Type 1\u2003DM amongst African patients. However, Type 2 African DM patients and other diabetes subtypes are largely GAD\u2010AB\u2010negative.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2000.00324.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T14:46:05Z","timestamp":1047393965000},"page":"524-527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Distribution of autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase across the spectrum of diabetes mellitus seen in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"V. R.","family":"Panz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. J.","family":"Kalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Zouvanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. 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