{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:28:44Z","timestamp":1767796124019,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,4]],"date-time":"2002-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1031097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Pharmacological intervention with peripheral sympathetic transmission at ciliary smooth muscle neuro\u2010receptor junctions has been used against a background of controlled parasympathetic activity to investigate the characteristics of autonomic control of ocular accommodation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A continuously recording infra\u2010red optometer was used to measure accommodation on a group of five visually normal emmetropic subjects under open\u2010 and closed\u2010loop conditions. A double\u2010blind protocol between saline, timolol and betaxolol was used to differentiate between the localised action on ciliary smooth muscle and effects induced by changes in stimulus conditions. Data were collected before and 45\u2003min following the instillation of saline, timolol or betaxolol. Open\u2010loop post\u2010task decay was investigated following 3\u2003min sustained near fixation of a stimulus placed 3\u2003D above the subject's pre\u2010task tonic accommodation level. Closed\u2010loop dynamic responses were recorded for each treatment condition while subjects viewed sinusoidally (0.05\u20130.6\u2003Hz) or stepwise vergence\u2010modulated targets over a 2\u2003D range (2\u20134\u2003D).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Open\u2010loop data demonstrate a rapid post\u2010task regression to pre\u2010task tonic accommodation levels for saline and betaxolol control conditions. A slow positive post\u2010task shift was induced by timolol indicating that sympathetic inhibition contributes to accommodative adaptation during sustained near vision. Closed\u2010loop accommodation responses to temporally modulated sinusoidal stimuli showed characteristic features for both saline and betaxolol control conditions. Timolol induced a reduced gain for low\u2010 and mid\u2010temporal frequencies (&lt;\u20030.3\u2003Hz) but did not affect the response at higher temporal frequencies. Response times to stepwise stimuli increased following the instillation of timolol for the near\u2010to\u2010far fixation condition compared with the controls and was related to the period of sustained prior fixation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Modulation of accommodation under open\u2010 and closed\u2010loop conditions by a non\u2010selective \u03b2\u2010blocker is consistent with the temporal and inhibitory features of sympathetic innervation to ciliary smooth muscle. Although parasympathetic innervation predominates there is evidence to support a role for sympathetic innervation in the control of ocular accommodation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2002.00075.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T10:54:48Z","timestamp":1047466488000},"page":"359-365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effect of \u03b2\u2010adrenoceptor antagonists on autonomic control of ciliary smooth muscle"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Barry","family":"Winn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helena M.","family":"Culhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Gilmartin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niall C.","family":"Strang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-4327(83)90002-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.17.000691"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.17.000706"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"1968","article-title":"Dynamic accommodation and myopia","volume":"40","author":"Culhane H. 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