{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T11:16:52Z","timestamp":1784632612319,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,25]],"date-time":"2001-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1120,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Helicobacter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mosaicism in <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic> alleles with three distinct families of <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic> signal sequences (s1a, s1b and s2) and two distinct families of middle region alleles (m1 and m2) has been reported. It was suggested that the <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic> s1a genotype was closely associated with duodenal ulcer disease and with high cytotoxin production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic> genotyping with respect to gastric inflammation and injury, cytotoxin activity, and clinical presentation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p> <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> from patients with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, or gastric cancer were characterized by <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic> typing by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. In vitro cytotoxin activity was assessed by vacuolation assay using Vero cells as well as with Hela cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four hundred ninety\u2010one strains were tested. <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic> genotype s1a\/m1 was present in more than 95% of strains independent of presentation with gastritis, peptic ulcer, or gastric cancer. No <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic> genotype was associated with high average cytotoxin activity. The s2\/m2 isolates had low or absent cytotoxin activity. All <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic> negative strains (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 18) were s1a strains and both s2\/m2 strains were <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic> positive. One strain that was a recombinant of m1 and m2 strains was identified and had low cytotoxin activity. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences between original m1 strains and Japanese m1 strains (new m1 strains) were about 85% and 81%, respectively. Strains with the new m1 genotype had nucleotide and amino acid sequences similarity of more than 96%. There was no difference in cytotoxin activity between strains with the Western type m1 and the new type m1 genotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this as in other reported studies (\u2248 1500 patients overall) <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic> genotype was strongly but not exclusively associated with the presence of <jats:italic>cagA.<\/jats:italic> Overall, the studies did not support a role for <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic> genotyping in relation to cytotoxin activity, virulence, histologic finding, or risk of a particular <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> disease. <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic> genotype s1 is likely to be a surrogate marker for the presence of the <jats:italic>cag<\/jats:italic> pathogenicity island.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5378.1998.08056.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T23:21:02Z","timestamp":1047424862000},"page":"241-253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["Relationship of <i>vacA<\/i> Genotypes of <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> to <i>cagA<\/i> Status, Cytotoxin Production, and Clinical Outcome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Yamaoka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Kodama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masakazu","family":"Kita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiro","family":"Imanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Kashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Y.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,25]]},"container-title":["Helicobacter"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1046%2Fj.1523-5378.1998.08056.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1046\/j.1523-5378.1998.08056.x","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1046\/j.1523-5378.1998.08056.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T02:06:23Z","timestamp":1694397983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1046\/j.1523-5378.1998.08056.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1046\/j.1523-5378.1998.08056.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1523-5378.1998.08056.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1083-4389","1523-5378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1083-4389","type":"print"},{"value":"1523-5378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]}}}