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In addition, recent studies suggest annual incidence rates for new\u2010onset cardiac failure, peripheral vascular disease, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and stroke of approximately 7%, 7%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. High\u2010level exposure to traditional risk factors, such as smoking and dyslipidemia, hemodynamic overload factors, such as anemia and hypertension, and a myriad of metabolic factors related to uremia are all likely to play a role. There has been explosive growth in observational studies and a heartening, if less dramatic, increase in risk factor intervention trials, suggesting that risk factor modification can lead to meaningful benefit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-139x.2003.160271.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,29]],"date-time":"2004-12-29T13:15:05Z","timestamp":1104326105000},"page":"111-117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["THE CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Clinical Epidemiology of Cardiac Disease in Dialysis Patients: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Ischemic Heart Disease, and Cardiac Failure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Robert N","family":"Foley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","unstructured":"FoleyRN HerzogCA CollinsAJ:Smoking and cardiovascular outcomes in dialysis patients. 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