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One way to think about ventricular fibrillation is that it is the final common pathway of an electrically unstable heart. After all, the heart can \u201cdie\u201d in only three major ways: electromechanical dissociation, asystole and heart block, and ventricular fibrillation, with the latter most common. It is the \u201cupstream\u201d events provoking the electrical instability that these drugs probably act upon (i.e., ischemia, fibrosis). Although we unquestionably need to pursue investigations into the electrophysiology of these ventricular tachyarrhythmias, more studies need to investigate the drugs affecting upstream events, because these agents appear to yield the greatest dividends, at least for the present. 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