{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:19:33Z","timestamp":1792153173523,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,24]],"date-time":"2004-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1085356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc electrophysiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> <jats:italic>Introduction:<\/jats:italic> Electrical restitution, relating action potential duration (APD) to diastolic interval (DI), was believed to determine the stability of heart rhythm. However, recent studies demonstrate that stability also depends on long\u2010term APD changes caused by memory. This study presents a new method for investigation of rate\u2010 and memory\u2010dependent aspects of restitution and for assessment of mapping models of APD.<\/jats:p><jats:p> <jats:italic>Methods and Results:<\/jats:italic> Bullfrog ventricular myocardium was paced with a \u201cperturbed downsweep protocol.\u201d Starting from a basic cycle length (BCL) of 1,000 ms, the tissue was paced until steady state was achieved, followed by single beats of longer and shorter cycle lengths. BCL was decreased by 50 to 100 ms and the process repeated. All APDs were plotted as a function of the preceding DI, which allowed simultaneous observation of dynamic, S1\u2010S2, and two constant\u2010BCL restitution curves in a \u201crestitution portrait.\u201d Responses were classified as 1:1 (stimulus:response), transient 2:2, or persistent 2:2 (alternans) and were related to the slopes of the restitution curves. None of these slopes approached unity for the persistent 2:2 response, demonstrating that the traditional restitution condition does not predict alternans. The restitution portrait was used to evaluate three mapping models of APD. The models with no memory and with one\u2010beat memory did not produce restitution portraits similar to the experimental one. A model with two\u2010beat memory produced a qualitatively similar portrait.<\/jats:p><jats:p> <jats:italic>Conclusion:<\/jats:italic> The restitution portrait allows a more comprehensive assessment of cardiac dynamics than methods used to date. Further study of models with memory may result in a clinical criterion for electrical instability. <jats:italic>(J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 15, pp. 1\u201012, June 2004)<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2004.03550.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,28]],"date-time":"2004-05-28T07:24:19Z","timestamp":1085729059000},"page":"698-709","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["The Restitution Portrait:"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"SOMA S.","family":"KALB","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HANA M.","family":"DOBROVOLNY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ELENA G.","family":"TOLKACHEVA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SALIM 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