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While various methods exist for evaluating the likelihood of paternity of each nonexcluded male, interpreting these likelihoods has hitherto been difficult, and no method takes account of the incomplete sampling and error\u2010prone genetic data typical of large\u2010scale studies of natural systems. We derive likelihood ratios for paternity inference with codominant markers taking account of typing error, and define a statistic \u0394 for resolving paternity. Using allele frequencies from the study population in question, a simulation program generates criteria for \u0394 that permit assignment of paternity to the most likely male with a known level of statistical confidence. The simulation takes account of the number of candidate males, the proportion of males that are sampled and gaps and errors in genetic data. We explore the potentially confounding effect of relatives and show that the method is robust to their presence under commonly encountered conditions. The method is demonstrated using genetic data from the intensively studied red deer (<jats:italic>Cervus elaphus<\/jats:italic>) population on the island of Rum, Scotland. The Windows\u2010based computer program,<jats:sc>CERVUS<\/jats:sc><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#fn1\"\/>, described in this study is available from the authors.<jats:sc>CERVUS<\/jats:sc>can be used to calculate allele frequencies, run simulations and perform parentage analysis using data from all types of codominant markers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294x.1998.00374.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T10:33:02Z","timestamp":1047465182000},"page":"639-655","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3425,"title":["Statistical confidence for likelihood\u2010based paternity inference in natural populations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"T. 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