{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T19:04:34Z","timestamp":1767985474105,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,1]],"date-time":"2002-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1014940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1308,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxin\u2013antitoxin systems are defined as a group of plasmid\u2010 and chromosome\u2010encoded loci that specify a cell toxin and a protein antitoxin. Plasmid\u2010encoded toxin\u2013antitoxin systems stabilize their replicons by killing plasmid\u2010free cells. Here, we show that the <jats:italic>relBE<\/jats:italic> genes of <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> K\u201012 have all the basic features previously connected with toxin\u2013antitoxin systems: (i) <jats:italic>relE<\/jats:italic> encodes a cytotoxin lethal or inhibitory to host cells; (ii) <jats:italic>relB<\/jats:italic> encodes an antitoxin that prevents the lethal action of the <jats:italic>relE<\/jats:italic>\u2010encoded toxin; (iii) the <jats:italic>relBE<\/jats:italic> genes stabilize a mini\u2010R1 test plasmid; and (iv) the RelB antitoxin autoregulates the <jats:italic>relBEF<\/jats:italic> operon at the level of transcription. Using database searching, we found <jats:italic>relBE<\/jats:italic> homologues on the chromosomes of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> K\u201012, <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>A fifth <jats:italic>relBE<\/jats:italic> homologue was identified on the enterotoxin encoding <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> plasmid P307. Indirect evidence suggests that the toxicity of RelE may be related to the inhibition of protein synthesis. Based on these observations, we propose a model that explains the delayed relaxed phenotype associated with mutations in <jats:italic>relB<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00993.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T11:19:42Z","timestamp":1047467982000},"page":"1065-1076","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":293,"title":["The <i>Escherichia coli relBE<\/i> genes belong to a new toxin\u2013antitoxin gene family"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Gotfredsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kenn","family":"Gerdes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.12.6059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03739.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(92)90629-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1993.1609"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.62.3.293-300.1951","article-title":"The mode of phage liberation by lysogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"62","author":"Bertani G.","year":"1951","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.20.6061"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(78)90025-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00337764"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(80)90283-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","unstructured":"Cashel M. 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