{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T06:54:13Z","timestamp":1794466453975,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]],"date-time":"2001-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":479,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biogeography"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glaciation and deglaciation and the accompanying lowering and rising of sea levels during the late Pleistocene are known to have greatly affected land mass configurations in Southeast Asia. The objective of this report is to provide a series of maps that estimate the areas of exposed land in the Indo\u2010Australian region during periods of the Pleistocene when sea levels were below present day levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Location<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The maps presented here cover tropical Southeast Asia and Austral\u2010Asia. The east\u2013west coverage extends 8000\u00a0km from Australia to Sri Lanka. The north\u2013south coverage extends 5000\u00a0km from Taiwan to Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Present\u2010day bathymetric depth contours were used to estimate past shore lines and the locations of the major drowned river systems of the Sunda and Sahul shelves. The timing of sea level changes associated with glaciation over the past 250,000\u00a0years was taken from multiple sources that, in some cases, account for tectonic uplift and subsidence during the period in question.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This report provides a series of maps that estimate the areas of exposed land in the Indo\u2010Australian region during periods of 17,000, 150,000 and 250,000\u00a0years before present. The ancient shorelines are based on present day depth contours of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100 and 120\u00a0m. On the maps depicting shorelines at 75, 100 and 120\u00a0m below present levels the major Pleistocene river systems of the Sunda and Sahul shelves are depicted. Estimates of the number of major sea level fluctuation events and the duration of time that sea levels were at or below the illustrated level are provided.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous reconstructions of sea\u2010level change during the Pleistocene have emphasized the maximum lows. The perspective provided here emphasizes that sea levels were at their maximum lows for relatively short periods of time but were at or below intermediate levels (e.g. at or below 40\u00a0m below present\u2010day levels) for more than half of each of the time periods considered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2699.2000.00489.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T23:15:05Z","timestamp":1047424505000},"page":"1153-1167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1568,"title":["Maps of Pleistocene sea levels in Southeast Asia: shorelines, river systems and time durations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Harold K.","family":"Voris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Discontinuously rising late Cainozoic eustatic sea\u2010levels, with special reference to Sundaland, Southeast Asia","volume":"58","author":"Batchelor B. 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