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Based on these parameters, a few selected DFFs such as C2SFF, conditional\u2010bridging FF (CBFF)\u2010S, self\u2010shut\u2010off pulsed latch (SSPL), retentive true signal phased clock (R\u2010TSPC), mTGFF, mC2MOS, FS\u2010TSPC\u2010DET\u2010FF, and P\u2010FF, are briefly reviewed for different architectures and technologies, with the trade\u2010off between the various performance parameters discussed in this paper. Comparative analysis is done for the selected DFFs on technology, supply voltage, set\u2010up time, delay, power consumption, and area. Reliability effects on DFFs and aging effect on FFs are reviewed for timing yield\u2010aware lifetime reliability (TYR) based on the process variations (PVs) and bias temperature instability (BTI). A brief review on applications of DFFs in internet of thing (IoT) devices and artificial intelligence (AI), such as frequency divider, dual\u2010modulus prescaler, time\u2010to\u2010digital converter (TDC), shifter, and synchronizer, is also presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1049\/cds2\/7132642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T12:05:45Z","timestamp":1758888345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Review of Performance and Reliability Issues in D Flip\u2010Flops for Future Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things Applications"],"prefix":"10.1049","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4433-9922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syeda Hurmath","family":"Juveria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5949-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Shashank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2398-3690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Ajayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8517-0775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit Krishna","family":"Dwivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9751-2816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Nirmal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"265","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2022.108186"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2020.2999751"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2019.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2019.2919186"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2016.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2023.3347688"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2023.3338532"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cdt2.12021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AungM. 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