{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T18:15:12Z","timestamp":1779387312206,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CAAI Trans on Intel Tech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bio\u2010inspired optimisation methods have been widely applied to complex real\u2010world problems, particularly in low\u2010carbon power and energy systems, where optimisation tasks often involve high\u2010dimensional, constrained and mixed\u2010integer characteristics. Traditional approaches struggle with these challenges due to nonconvexity, nonlinearity and computational complexity. This paper provides a comprehensive review of bio\u2010inspired optimisation techniques applied to key low\u2010carbon energy problems, including economic load dispatch, unit commitment, optimal power flow, distributed generation planning, heat exchanger design, and parameter estimation for PEM fuel cells and solar cell models. By analysing the strengths and limitations of existing methods, we highlight their effectiveness in addressing computational efficiency, constraint handling and convergence behaviour. The paper also identifies research gaps and discusses future directions, providing a structured reference for algorithm developers and practitioners. This review aims to enhance the adoption and refinement of bio\u2010inspired optimisation techniques for sustainable energy solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1049\/cit2.70069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T16:41:18Z","timestamp":1774456878000},"page":"297-315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bio\u2010Inspired Optimisation Methods Applied to Low Carbon Power and Energy Problems: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1049","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering The University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanjun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology  Shenzhen Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology  Shenzhen Guangdong China"},{"name":"Faculty of Data Science City University of Macau  Taipa China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8580-534X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhile","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology  Shenzhen Guangdong China"},{"name":"Guangdong Institute of Carbon Neutrality (Shaoguan)  Shaoguan Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"265","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2019.01.832"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"United\u2010Nations.PARIS 2015: United Nations Conference on Climate Change (2016) http:\/\/www.cop21.gouv.fr\/en\/learn\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4322211"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2016.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511804090"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.106549"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2015.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3927.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.220.4598.671"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Metaheuristic Research: A Comprehensive Survey","author":"Hussain K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1022602019183"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/59.485989"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1994.2.3.221"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNN.1995.488968"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2007.4425095"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tevc.2010.2052054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tcyb.2015.2475174"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tevc.2007.896686"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","volume-title":"Differential Evolution: A Practical Approach to Global Optimization","author":"Price K.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2010.2059031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2006.1688311"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NABIC.2009.5393690"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04944-6_14"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14091871"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2010.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5267\/j.ijiec.2015.8.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-c.1993.0074"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/59.485992"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpwrs.2003.814889"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpwrs.2005.851958"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpwrs.2005.857924"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2010.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.07.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.10.085"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521\u2010017\u20103019\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/59.336110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip\u2010gtd:19971100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2013.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tcyb.2020.3024607"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2517987"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2017.06.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyai.2024.100340"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.106103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.121829"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/59.49122"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PES.2003.1267212"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15325000902762331"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2010.2042472"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2012.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnm.2798"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2009.08.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","first-page":"477","volume-title":"International Conference on Swarm Intelligence","author":"Yang Z.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpwrs.2013.2241795"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2015.2485520"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet\u2010rpg.2015.0034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0740817x.2016.1189626"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2018.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0142\u20100615(96)00051\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpwrs.2002.1007886"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip\u2010gtd:20045234"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpwrs.2006.879262"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpwrs.2006.887889"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpwrs.2008.919241"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet\u2010gtd:20060273"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpwrs.2007.913196"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en13164265"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su12135248"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jestch.2017.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tsg.2019.2935736"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jestie.2022.3218257"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.130380"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.08.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpwrs.2005.846219"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/KES\u20102008\u201012206"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2050\u20107038.12295"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.118218"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42835\u2010020\u201000569\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2014.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.12.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2013.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2012.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2013.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2014.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2014.12.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2017.2748220"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2017.2726586"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2015.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.12.1044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15325008.2020.1797935"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2022.109094"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsep.2022.101277"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521\u2010021\u201005963\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123485"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.03.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2012.03.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.119488"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2022.105778"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2022.118037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.12.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpel.2012.2188818"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2020.09.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2014.12.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.116979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2013.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2015.08.023"}],"container-title":["CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1049\/cit2.70069","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1049\/cit2.70069","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1049\/cit2.70069","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T17:56:12Z","timestamp":1779386172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1049\/cit2.70069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1049\/cit2.70069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/cit2.70069","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2468-6557","2468-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2468-6557","type":"print"},{"value":"2468-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}