{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T17:31:53Z","timestamp":1767634313336,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62201508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62201508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LQ23F010004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ23F010004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IET Communications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)\u2010assisted received spatial modulation (RIS\u2010RSM) has emerged as a promising technique to enhance spectral and energy efficiency in next\u2010generation wireless systems. However, performing accurate signal detection without channel state information (CSI) remains a critical challenge, particularly in blind detection scenarios. In this paper, we propose a novel clustering\u2010based blind detector named energy\u2010tiered structure initialization (ETSI). The proposed method exploits the amplitude heterogeneity of modulation symbols\u2014originating from the unequal energy levels of QAM or hybrid constellations\u2014by partitioning the signal space into multiple energy tiers. Each receive antenna is associated with a structure prototype, representing a normalized statistical channel pattern, which is initialized using the distribution of the underlying fading model (e.g., Rayleigh) rather than instantaneous CSI. During clustering, these prototypes are iteratively refined through tier\u2010wise averaging of normalized signal samples, thereby enforcing structural consistency and mitigating amplitude\u2010induced bias. After convergence, the constellation\u2010aligned cluster centres are reconstructed by combining the updated prototypes with their corresponding modulation amplitudes, inherently enabling the joint detection of both the modulation symbol and the RIS\u2010assisted spatial index. Simulation results show that ETSI achieves around 0.5\u20131\u00a0dB SNR gain over amplitude\u2013phase aware clustering under 8PSK, and about 1\u20131.5\u00a0dB improvement under 16QAM, while outperforming the CSI\u2010based greedy detector (GD) across both modulations. Moreover, ETSI achieves BER performance close to that of the perfect\u2010CSI maximum likelihood detector, confirming its accuracy, scalability and practical feasibility for blind RIS\u2010RSM\u00a0detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1049\/cmu2.70129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T13:25:53Z","timestamp":1767619553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Energy\u2010Tiered Clustering\u2010Based Blind Detector for RIS\u2010RSM Systems"],"prefix":"10.1049","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology Zhejiang University of Science and Technology Hangzhou China"}]},{"given":"Juncheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology Zhejiang University of Science and Technology Hangzhou China"}]},{"given":"Zhongpeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Engineering Zhejiang University of Science and Technology Hangzhou China"}]}],"member":"265","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3077737","article-title":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: Principles and Opportunities","volume":"23","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"H.Liu J.An W.Xu X.Jia L.Gan andC.Yuen \u201cK\u2010Means Based Constellation Optimization for Index Modulated Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces \u201dpreprint arXiv July 20 2022 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2207.09766."},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5394","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2936025","article-title":"Intelligent Reflecting Surface Enhanced Wireless Network via Joint Active and Passive Beamforming","volume":"18","author":"Wu Q.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-6390-4","volume-title":"5G and Beyond Wireless Systems: PHY Layer Perspective","author":"Mandloi M.","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2022.3159818","article-title":"An IRS\u2010Aided GSSK Scheme for Wireless Communication Systems","volume":"26","author":"Zhang C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Letters"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3007044","article-title":"Large Intelligent Surface Assisted Wireless Communications With Spatial Modulation and Antenna Selection","volume":"38","author":"Ma T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.2971486","article-title":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface\u2010Based Index Modulation: A New Beyond MIMO Paradigm for 6G","volume":"68","author":"Basar E.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.LiuandM. D.Renzo \u201cData\u2010Driven and Model\u2010Driven Deep Learning Detection for RIS\u2010Aided Spatial Modulation \u201d inProceedings of the IEEE 5G World Forum (5GWF)(IEEE 2021) 88\u201392.","DOI":"10.1109\/5GWF52925.2021.00023"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3219140","article-title":"RIS\u2010Aided mmWave MIMO Channel Estimation Using Deep Learning and Compressive Sensing","volume":"22","author":"Abdallah A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2024.3518234","article-title":"A Novel Clustering\u2010Based Detector for RIS\u2010Assisted Spatial Modulation Systems","volume":"29","author":"Zhang L.","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Letters"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3007211","article-title":"Smart Radio Environments Empowered by Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: How It Works, State of Research, and the Road Ahead","volume":"38","author":"Di Renzo M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"issue":"129","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Smart Radio Environments Empowered by Reconfigurable Intelligent Meta\u2010Surfaces: An Idea Whose Time has Come","volume":"2019","author":"Di Renzo M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"1063","article-title":"Two\u2010Timescale Beamforming Optimization for Intelligent Reflecting Surface Enhanced Wireless Networks","volume":"69","author":"Zhao M.\u2010M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5516","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125516","article-title":"Channel Estimation for RIS\u2010Assisted MIMO Systems in Millimeter Wave Communications","volume":"23","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6914","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3246990","article-title":"RIS\u2010Aided MIMO Systems With Hardware Impairments: Robust Beamforming Design and Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Wang J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3095939","article-title":"Intelligent Reflecting Surface Aided Full\u2010Duplex Communication: Passive Beamforming and Deployment Design","volume":"21","author":"Cai Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6647","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3162044","article-title":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface\u2010Assisted Secure Mobile Edge Computing Networks","volume":"71","author":"Mao S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3390\/signals4010012","article-title":"A Survey on Optimal Channel Estimation Methods for RIS\u2010Aided Communication Systems","volume":"4","author":"Drampalou S. 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