{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T04:03:56Z","timestamp":1769573036875,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IET Communications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With the rapid advancement of communication technologies, space\u2010air\u2010ground integrated networks (SAGIN) have become a pivotal research frontier in current and future communication domains. To tackle critical challenges in SAGIN scenarios, such as excessive task\u2010related energy consumption and insufficient communication\u2010computing resources, this paper proposes a three\u2010tier edge computing architecture integrating satellites, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms, and ground systems. Aiming to minimize the system's weighted energy consumption and latency, we investigate the joint optimization of task allocation, user\u2010UAV association, UAV deployment, and resource allocation between UAVs and low\u2010earth orbit (LEO) satellites. Formulated as a non\u2010convex mixed\u2010integer nonlinear combinatorial optimization problem, this work integrates the branch\u2010and\u2010bound method, multi\u2010start global optimization, and gray wolf optimization (GWO) to develop a suboptimal solution based on block coordinate descent (BCD), which decouples the original problem into three subproblems for independent solving and iterative approximation of the optimal solution. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the total system cost by 7.81%, 11.99%, and 45.69% compared with baseline algorithms with random user\u2010UAV association, random UAV positioning, and random task assignment, respectively, effectively cutting down overall energy consumption and task\u00a0latency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1049\/cmu2.70134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:40:53Z","timestamp":1769528453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Joint Decision\u2010Making for UAV Deployment and Computational Offloading Optimized for Energy Consumption and Latency in Space\u2010Air\u2010Ground Integrated Networks"],"prefix":"10.1049","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2735-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tengda","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data and Target Engineering Information Engineering University Zhengzhou China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data and Target Engineering Information Engineering University Zhengzhou China"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data and Target Engineering Information Engineering University Zhengzhou China"}]},{"given":"Wenzhi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data and Target Engineering Information Engineering University Zhengzhou China"}]}],"member":"265","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.2964765","article-title":"Optimal Energy Allocation and Task Offloading Policy for Wireless Powered Mobile Edge Computing Systems","volume":"19","author":"Wang F.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600249CM","article-title":"Mobile Edge Computing Potential in Making Cities Smarter","volume":"55","author":"Taleb T.","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6052","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2024.3442857","article-title":"Adaptive QoE\u2010Aware SFC Orchestration in UAV Networks: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","volume":"11","author":"Wu Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2022.3141728"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3004500"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3245614"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4933","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3137349","article-title":"Secure and Latency\u2010Aware Digital Twin Assisted Resource Scheduling for 5G Edge Computing\u2010Empowered Distribution Grids","volume":"18","author":"Zhou Z.","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.014.2200371","article-title":"From Digital Twin to Metaverse: The Role of 6G Ultra\u2010Reliable and Low\u2010Latency Communications with Multi\u2010Tier Computing","volume":"30","author":"Duong T. Q.","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900072","article-title":"A Comprehensive Simulation Platform for Space\u2010Air\u2010Ground Integrated Network","volume":"27","author":"Cheng N.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z.Wang H.Du andQ.Ye \u201cHTR: A Joint Approach for Task Offloading and Resource Allocation in Mobile Edge Computing \u201d inICC 2021 \u2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications(IEEE 2021) 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC42927.2021.9500595"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2020.2973993","article-title":"Robust Computation Offloading and Resource Scheduling in Cloudlet\u2010Based Mobile Cloud Computing","volume":"20","author":"Chen M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"1976","article-title":"Multi\u2010Agent Reinforcement Learning Aided Computation Offloading in Aerial Computing for the Internet\u2010of\u2010Things","volume":"16","author":"Qin Z.","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5613","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2980035","article-title":"Energy\u2010Efficient Multi\u2010UAV\u2010Enabled Multiaccess Edge Computing Incorporating NOMA","volume":"7","author":"Zhang X.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3688","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2890133","article-title":"Stochastic Computation Offloading and Trajectory Scheduling for UAV\u2010Assisted Mobile Edge Computing","volume":"6","author":"Zhang J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3026033","article-title":"Energy\u2010Efficient Resource Management in UAV\u2010Assisted Mobile Edge Computing","volume":"25","author":"Tun Y. K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Letters"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14202","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3068141","article-title":"Energy\u2010Efficient Multiaccess Edge Computing for Terrestrial\u2010Satellite Internet of Things","volume":"8","author":"Song Z.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3483203","article-title":"Energy\u2010Constrained Satellite Edge Computing for Satellite\u2010Terrestrial Integrated Networks","volume":"74","author":"Cheng L.","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2845360"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2904244"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2706308"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3688","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2890133","article-title":"Stochastic Computation Offloading and Trajectory Scheduling for UAV\u2010Assisted Mobile Edge Computing","volume":"6","author":"Zhang J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2927313"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16395","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3289962","article-title":"Energy Efficient Edge Computing and Data Compression Collaboration Scheme for UAV\u2010Assisted Network","volume":"72","author":"Cheng K.","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-021-02632-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2023.119154","article-title":"Multi\u2010Objective Deep Reinforcement Learning for Computation Offloading in UAV\u2010Assisted Multi\u2010Access Edge Computing","volume":"642","author":"Liu X.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10573","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3005117","article-title":"Latency\u2010Aware IoT Service Provisioning in UAV\u2010Aided Mobile\u2010Edge Computing Networks","volume":"7","author":"Zhang L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.Wu F.Tian Y.Jiang andX.Wei \u201cTask Delay Minimization in Multi\u2010UAV\u2010Assisted Mobile Edge Computing System \u201d in2022 14th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP)(IEEE 2022) 776\u2013781.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP55476.2022.10039181"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2025.3571023"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9814","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3021255","article-title":"Leo\u2010Satellite\u2010Assisted UAV: Joint Trajectory and Data Collection for Internet of Remote Things in 6G Aerial Access Networks","volume":"8","author":"Jia Z.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2020.3019463"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3103764"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3058236"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4383","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3327395","article-title":"Dissatisfaction Feedback and Stackelberg Game\u2010Based Task Offloading Mechanism for Parked Vehicle Edge computing","volume":"73","author":"Lei S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2020.3041706"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11\u00a0235","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2025.3543259","article-title":"Service Function Chain Dynamic Scheduling in Space\u2010Air\u2010Ground Integrated Networks","volume":"74","author":"Jia Z.","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2965566","article-title":"Post: Parallel Offloading of Splittable Tasks in Heterogeneous Fog Networks","volume":"7","author":"Liu Z.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3056569"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3227032","article-title":"Edge\u2010Assisted Multi\u2010Layer Offloading Optimization of Leo Satellite\u2010Terrestrial Integrated Networks","volume":"41","author":"Cao X.","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2738024","article-title":"Energy\u2010Efficiency Versus Delay Tradeoff in Wireless Networks Virtualization","volume":"67","author":"Shi Q.","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2019.2927100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119454816"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2012.10.012"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12112533","article-title":"Research on Offloading Strategy for Mobile Edge Computing Based on Improved Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm","volume":"12","author":"Zhang W.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3365899"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3459086","article-title":"Fair Resource Allocation for Hierarchical Federated Edge Learning in Space\u2010Air\u2010Ground Integrated Networks via Deep Reinforcement Learning with Hybrid Control","volume":"42","author":"Huang C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"}],"container-title":["IET Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1049\/cmu2.70134","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1049\/cmu2.70134","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1049\/cmu2.70134","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:40:57Z","timestamp":1769528457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1049\/cmu2.70134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1049\/cmu2.70134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/cmu2.70134","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-8628","1751-8636"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-8628","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-8636","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70134"}}