{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T16:13:37Z","timestamp":1773677617866,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":74,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFB2907700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFB2907700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IET Communications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is a pivotal technology for sixth\u2010generation (6G) networks. Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS), particularly the simultaneous transmitting and reflecting IRS (STAR\u2010RIS), enable dynamic channel control to enhance ISAC performance. However, conventional passive STAR\u2010RIS is constrained by limited signal gain. While the emerging active STAR\u2010RIS addresses this limitation via signal amplification, it introduces heightened power consumption and security risks, especially when sensing targets act as potential eavesdroppers. This paper investigates the secure transmission problem in an active STAR\u2010RIS\u2010aided ISAC downlink system. Our objective is to maximize the sum secrecy rate by jointly optimizing the base station beamforming vectors, the sensing signal covariance matrix and the coefficients of the active STAR\u2010RIS for both reflection and transmission, while satisfying practical constraints on power and sensing performance. To solve this non\u2010convex problem, we propose an efficient two\u2010layer alternating optimization algorithm that decomposes it into tractable subproblems. These subproblems are solved using semidefinite relaxation and a novel eigenvalue\u2010penalty\u2010based method. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed active STAR\u2010RIS scheme significantly outperforms baseline architectures (passive STAR\u2010RIS, active RIS and passive RIS) in achieving a superior balance between communication security and sensing\u00a0capability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1049\/cmu2.70145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T14:45:20Z","timestamp":1773672320000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Secure Transmission in ISAC Systems Aided by Active STAR\u2010RIS"],"prefix":"10.1049","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5501-2303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baofeng","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China"},{"name":"Longmen Laboratory Intelligent System Science and Technology Innovation Center Luoyang China"}]},{"given":"Xinhao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China"}]},{"given":"Shahid","family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Informatics Silesian University of Technology Akademicka Gliwice Poland"},{"name":"Department of Engineering Nottingham Trent University Nottingham UK"}]}],"member":"265","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.23919\/ICN.2023.0021","article-title":"Integrated Sensing and Communication Based Outdoor Multi\u2010Target Detection, Tracking, and Localization in Practical 5G Networks","volume":"4","author":"Liu R.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intelligent and Converged 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