{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T14:00:03Z","timestamp":1761573603507,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IET Communications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Massive multiple\u2010input multiple\u2010output (MIMO) is a breakthrough wireless transmission technique proposed for future wireless standards due to its spectrum and energy efficiencies. However, pilot contamination constitutes a particularly significant impairment in multi\u2010cell systems that utilise reciprocity\u2010based channel estimation. This phenomenon results from the non\u2010orthogonality of the pilot sequences in different cells. Given a large number of antennas employed in massive MIMO systems, conventional channel estimation schemes cannot mitigate this problem effectively without high computational complexity. In this study, a simple rateless space\u2013time block code (RSTBC) is employed in the downlink transmission of a lossy multi\u2010cell massive MIMO system to mitigate the effects of signal\u2010to\u2010interference\u2010and\u2010noise ratio (SINR) degradation resulting from pilot contamination. Specifically, a robust optimisation problem is formulated to maximise the minimum downlink SINR among all users. Simulation and analytical results for large numbers of antenna elements at the base station (BS) are provided to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed scheme. The SINR and spectral efficiency analyses indicate that RSTBC can effectively mitigate downlink SINR degradation that is caused by pilot contamination. Experimental results for the proposed scheme are also included for a 2 \u00d7 2 MIMO system, and it agrees closely with the simulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2016.0283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]],"date-time":"2016-07-20T13:09:35Z","timestamp":1469020175000},"page":"2252-2259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Rateless space\u2013time block code for mitigating pilot contamination effects in multi\u2010cell massive MIMO system with lossy links"],"prefix":"10.1049","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ali H.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Technology College of Telecommunication and Information (CTI) P.O. Box 86384 Riyadh 11622 Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Iyanda","family":"Sulyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering King Saud University P.O. Box 800 Riyadh 11421 Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Abdulhameed","family":"Alsanie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering King Saud University P.O. Box 800 Riyadh 11421 Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"265","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2010.092810.091092"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2013.020413.110848"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JoseJ.AshikhminA.MarzettaT.L.et al.: \u2018Pilot contamination problem in multi\u2010cell MIMO systems\u2019. IEEE Int. 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