{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T15:32:51Z","timestamp":1772292771238,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IET Image Processing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is intense pressure on agricultural productivity due to the ever\u2010growing population. Several diseases affect crop yield and thus, effective control of these can significantly improve the production of food for all. In this regard, detection of diseases at an early stage and quantification of the severity, in general, has acquired urgent attention of the researchers. In this study, a summary of prevalent techniques and methodologies used for the detection, quantification and classification of diseases is presented to understand the scope of improvement. The study pays attention to critical gaps that exist in available approaches and enhance them for the early prediction of diseases. Diseases affect almost all parts of plants, e.g. root, stem, flower, leaf; a manifestation in different ways for different parts of the plant of the same disease presents a challenge for researchers. This study extends the review work published by JGA Barbedo in 2013, as there have been significant advances and numerous new techniques introduced since then. A novel approach of classifying and categorisation of the existing techniques based on pathogen types is a significant contribution by the authors in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2018.6210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T21:47:25Z","timestamp":1576187245000},"page":"1427-1439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Review of image processing approaches for detecting plant diseases"],"prefix":"10.1049","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9560-491X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aditya","family":"Sinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing &amp; Information Technology, Manipal University Jaipur India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5465-3547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajveer Singh","family":"Shekhawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing &amp; Information Technology, Manipal University Jaipur India"}]}],"member":"265","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jaer.2000.0577"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-005-0681-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10343-008-0196-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-660"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07352681003617285"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1537-5110(03)00098-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-73-520"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO.1998.88.5.422"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2006.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSSE.2008.1649"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/EA9930097"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2008.09.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s110606015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s110606165"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SCORED.2007.4451369"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.19994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2007.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2007.40"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMTMA.2011.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSAI.2012.6223479"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2008.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s120100784"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2008.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2011.04.020"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","first-page":"1709","article-title":"Leaf disease grading by machine vision and fuzzy logic","volume":"2","author":"Sannakki S.S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","unstructured":"2011 2011 Proc. of VIIth Int. Conf. on Perspective Technologies and Methods in MEMS Design (MEMSTECH) Polyana Ukraine J. Sekulska\u2010Nalewajko J. Goclawski A semi\u2010automatic method for the discrimination of diseased regions in detached leaf images using fuzzy c\u2010means clustering 172 175"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcm.2011.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2010.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECTICON.2008.4600483"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP.2008.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEC.2009.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCITECHN.2008.4803079"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","unstructured":"2010 2nd Int. Conf. on Advanced Computer Control Sanya Hainan Z. Jian Z. Wei Support vector machine for recognition of cucumber leaf diseases 264 266"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","first-page":"460","article-title":"Classification of rice leaf diseases based on morphological changes","volume":"2","author":"Phadikar S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Detection and recognition of diseases from paddy plant leaf images","volume":"144","author":"Jagan K.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERVASIVE.2015.7086983"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-92-4-0530"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSIP.2010.5697452"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2016\/v9i44\/92825"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","unstructured":"2015 Embrapa Soja\u2010Artigo em anais de congresso (ALICE) Ponta Grossa Brazil J.G.A. Barbedo C.V. Godoy Automatic classification of soybean diseases based on digital images of leaf symptoms"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.03.004"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","first-page":"622","article-title":"Intensity based feature extraction for tomato plant disease recognition by classification using decision tree","volume":"14","author":"Sabrol H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682199.2017.1319609"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2013 2013 Fourth Int. Conf. on Computing Communications and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) Tiruchengode India S.S. Sannakki V.S. Rajpurohit V. Nargund Diagnosis and classification of grape leaf diseases using neural networks 1 5","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCNT.2013.6726616"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IIH-MSP.2013.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2014.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.02.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2010.12.009"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Histogram approach for detection of maize leaf damage","volume":"3","author":"Samanta D.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Telecommun."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07353-8_44"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2011.08.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Disease detection on cotton leaves by eigenfeature regularization and extraction technique","volume":"1","author":"Gurjar A.A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron. Commun. Soft Comput. Sci. Eng. (IJECSCSE)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7763\/IJCTE.2013.V5.743"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.02.137"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","first-page":"298","article-title":"Performance evaluation of various statistical classifiers in detecting the diseased citrus leaves","volume":"5","author":"Bandi S.R.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Automatic brown spot and frog eye detection from the image captured in the field","volume":"4","author":"Shrivastava S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"A curvelet\u2010SC recognition method for maize disease","volume":"2015","author":"Luo J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP.2014.7003793"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2791405.2791474"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SoCPaR.2009.62"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Leaf disease severity measurement using image processing","volume":"3","author":"Patil S.B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CONIELECOMP.2016.7438551"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2011 2011 IEEE Int. Conf. on System Eng. Technol. Shah Alam Malaysia M.A. Hairuddin N.M. Tahir S.R.S. Baki Overview of image processing approach for nutrient deficiencies detection in elaeis guineensis 116 120","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSEngT.2011.5993432"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquabot.2007.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2007.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","unstructured":"2013 9th Brazilian Congress of Agro\u2010informatics Brazil J. Barbedo Automatic method for counting and measuring whiteflies in soybean leaves using digital image processing"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMS.2012.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2553-9_44"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","first-page":"136","article-title":"Segmentation of crop disease leaf images using fuzzy c\u2010means clustering algorithm","volume":"9","author":"Hanping M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. Chinese Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1068009.1068053"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2006.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSE.2010.5593765"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-11-16-0417-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","unstructured":"2017 Business Technologie und Web (BTW Workshops) Stuttgart Germany J. Amara B. Bouaziz A. Algergawy A deep learning\u2010based approach for banana leaf diseases classification 79 88"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3289801"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01419"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","unstructured":"2012 Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems Harrahs and Harveys Lake Tahoe A. Krizhevsky I. Sutskever G.E. Hinton Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks 1097 1105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298594"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2012.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","first-page":"783","volume-title":"A lightweight mobile system for crop disease diagnosis","author":"Siricharoen P.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.04.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.17244"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Precision weed control system for cotton","volume":"45","author":"Lamm R.D.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-04-17-0137-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-07-16-0129-TA"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022663100715"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/09-SS054"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2016.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2009.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2017.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_1","unstructured":"Plantix plant disease libary. Available athttps:\/\/plantix.net\/plant\u2010disease\/en accessed 1st November 2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_1","unstructured":"Leafsnap dataset. Available athttp:\/\/leafsnap.com\/dataset\/ accessed 1st November 2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_102_1","first-page":"279","article-title":"Plant leaf classification using probabilistic integration of shape, texture and margin features","volume":"5","author":"Mallah C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Signal Process. Pattern Recognit. Appl."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_1","unstructured":"2012 The 12th European Conf. on Computer Vision (ECCV) Florence Italy N. Kumar P.N. Belhumeur A. Biswas Leafsnap: a computer vision system for automatic plant species identification 502 516"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_1","unstructured":"Zero budget farming. Available athttp:\/\/www.palekarzerobudgetspiritualfarming.org accessed 1st January 2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.120"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_106_1","unstructured":"Plant village dataset. Available athttps:\/\/github.com\/spMohanty\/PlantVillage\u2010Dataset\/tree\/master\/raw\/color accessed 1st November 2018"}],"container-title":["IET Image Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1049\/iet-ipr.2018.6210","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1049\/iet-ipr.2018.6210","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1049\/iet-ipr.2018.6210","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T10:57:15Z","timestamp":1761562635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1049\/iet-ipr.2018.6210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1049\/iet-ipr.2018.6210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/iet-ipr.2018.6210","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-9659","1751-9667"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-9659","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-9667","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-09-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-12-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}