{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T12:09:17Z","timestamp":1775218157180,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":285,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IET Image Processing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tomographic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and array SAR achieve high\u2010resolution three\u2010dimensional imaging through aperture dimension extension, but the synthetic aperture lengths in the azimuth and elevation directions are limited by the single\u2010platform motion trajectory, resulting in low coverage efficiency and poor survivability. In contrast, UAV swarm SAR systems significantly improve imaging efficiency through multi\u2010perspective collaborative detection by distributed platforms. However, efficiently fusing multi\u2010platform echo data to achieve high\u2010precision 3D reconstruction of targets poses a challenge. This paper proposes a polarimetric SAR 3D imaging method based on the joint constraint of sparsity and low rank: first, the imaging problem is modeled as a 3D spatial sparse reconstruction problem, and the non\u2010convex minimax concave (MC) penalty function is employed to enhance the characterization of spatial sparsity. Second, an enhanced 3D total variation (E\u20103DTV) constraint is designed to effectively exploit the low\u2010rank structural characteristics among polarimetric channels. Finally, a distributed optimization solution is implemented under the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) framework. Experimental validation on the CVDomes dataset demonstrates that the proposed method significantly improves the accuracy and robustness of 3D reconstruction while maintaining high resolution, providing an effective solution for UAV swarm SAR 3D imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1049\/ipr2.70200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T07:26:52Z","timestamp":1760340412000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A 3D Imaging Method for UAV Swarm Polarimetric SAR Based on Joint Sparse and Low\u2010Rank Structure Constraints"],"prefix":"10.1049","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6228-3838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Engineering University  Shijiazhuang China"}]},{"given":"Yanheng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Engineering University  Shijiazhuang China"}]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Engineering University  Shijiazhuang China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4415-6798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingxuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Engineering University  Shijiazhuang China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1633-6305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Engineering University  Shijiazhuang China"}]},{"given":"Leiping","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Engineering University  Shijiazhuang China"}]}],"member":"265","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2013.2248301"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2514494"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2220145"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2178607"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2016.2550057"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2582959"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2017.2704601"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. 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E.Wahl \u201cThree\u2010Dimensional Tomographic Imaging for Foliage Penetration Using Multiple\u2010Pass Spotlight\u2010Mode SAR \u201d inConference Record of Thirty\u2010Fifth Asilomar Conference on Signals Systems and Computers (Cat.No.01CH37256)(2001).","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2001.986891"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"340","article-title":"The Optimal Across\u2010Track Baseline of Distributed Small Satellites Synthetic Aperture Radar for Terrain Elevation Measurement","volume":"28","author":"Xu H.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Electronics and Information Technology"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"2166","article-title":"Sparse Array SAR 3D Imaging for Continuous Scene Based on Compressed Sensing","volume":"36","author":"Li L.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Electronics and Information Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2923529"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","article-title":"3D Sparse Imaging for Non\u2010Uniformly Sampled SAR Based on Feature Enhancement","author":"Sun D.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Systems Engineering and Electronics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2022.3221775"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2023.3338247","article-title":"A Hybrid Resolution Enhancement Framework for Swarm UAV SAR Based on Cost\u2010Effective Formation Stratege","volume":"62","author":"Ren H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.Feng S.Jin W.Xu J.Xu andH.Bi \u201cPolarimetric Holographic SAR 3D Imaging Based on L2 1\u2010Norm Regularization: Initial Result \u201d inIET International Radar Conference (IRC 2023)(December2023).","DOI":"10.1049\/icp.2024.1515"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"865","article-title":"Full\u2010Polarization SAR Joint Multidimensional Reconstruction Based on Sparse Reconstruction","volume":"9","author":"Sun D.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Radars"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14163945"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.Ren X.Zhang X.Zhan J.Shi S.Wei andT.Zeng \u201cA Model\u2010Data\u2010Driven Network Embedding Multidimensional Features for Tomographic SAR Imaging \u201d inIEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf23)(May2023).","DOI":"10.1109\/RadarConf2351548.2023.10149800"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2024.3404626"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2024.3479189"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"941","article-title":"Microwave Vision Three\u2010Dimensional SAR Experimental System and Full\u2010Polarimetric Data Processing Method","volume":"13","author":"Qiu X.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Radars"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2025.3558894"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. I.Kelly G.Rilling M.Davies andB.Mulgrew \u201cIterative Image Formation Using Fast (re\/back)\u2010Projection for Spotlight\u2010Mode SAR \u201d in2011 IEEE RadarCon (RADAR)(May2011).","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2011.5960654"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","unstructured":"P.Gong C.Zhang Z.Lu andJ.Huang \u201cA General Iterative Shrinkage and Thresholding Algorithm for Non\u2010Convex Regularized Optimization Problems \u201d inProceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning(2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.3007840"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/2200000016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. 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