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Advances in imaging modalities like optical coherence tomography (OCT) have revolutionised choroidal visualisation, yet manual analysis remains labour\u2010intensive and subjective. This review synthesizes recent developments in deep learning (DL)\u2010driven solutions for choroidal imaging. DL architectures, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs), U\u2010Net variants and vision transformers, demonstrate high accuracy in automating choroidal sublayer segmentation, 3D vascular network reconstruction and biomarker extraction, outperforming traditional methods in speed and reproducibility. Innovations such as hybrid loss functions, attention mechanisms, and generative adversarial networks address challenges like class imbalance and boundary ambiguity. At the same time, multimodal DL models integrating OCT, fundus photography and angiography enhance diagnostic precision. However, limitations persist, including data dependency, annotation variability and the lack of standardised protocols for sublayer demarcation. Future directions emphasise image enhancement techniques, self\u2010supervised learning to reduce annotation burdens and ethical frameworks for clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1049\/ipr2.70273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T08:46:24Z","timestamp":1768380384000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in Deep Learning Applications for Choroidal Images Analysis: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1049","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Peking University Third Hospital  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve Peking University Third Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Houjin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuemin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Peking University Third Hospital  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve Peking University Third Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiarui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Peking University Third Hospital  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve Peking University Third Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"265","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000541481"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.5.589","article-title":"Choriocapillaris Degeneration and Related Pathologic Changes in Human Diabetic Eyes","volume":"116","author":"Cao J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2025.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00225936"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08\u20102134"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.07.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051209"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1957169"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.14.007821"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672119863560"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Ultrastructure of the Choroid. 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