{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T23:25:55Z","timestamp":1770247555523,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC3212400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3212400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U23B20150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U23B20150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IET Image Processing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Challenging underwater environmental conditions cause severe degradation of underwater images, including intensity attenuation and colour distortion, leading to incomplete feature representation and posing difficulties for state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art detectors. To address this issue, we propose a cross\u2010channel feature fusion network (CCFF\u2010Net), which innovatively enriches feature representation through complementary feature fusion across multiple channels. The network comprises three key components. First, an adaptive greyscale image generation module is designed to dynamically enhance channel information specialized for object appearance, selectively reinforcing detector\u2010preferred cues in greyscale representation. Second, a cross\u2010channel feature fusion module is introduced to facilitate information interaction between greyscale and chromatic channels, compensating for potential feature degradation caused by colour distortion and intensity attenuation by generating complementary and enhanced feature representations. Third, an enhanced feature pyramid network\u2010based multi\u2010scale feature fusion module is proposed to improve detection performance by reinforcing feature representations for both small\u2010scale and occluded objects. Extensive experiments on four public datasets validate the effectiveness of CCFF\u2010Net, achieving mAP improvements of 2.9%, 2.6%, 4.0% and 1.8% compared to the baseline on the DUO, UODD, UDD and URPC2020 datasets, respectively, demonstrating the superiority and generalization capability of the proposed\u00a0method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1049\/ipr2.70299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T10:22:45Z","timestamp":1770200565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CCFF\u2010Net: Cross\u2010Channel Feature Fusion Network for Underwater Object Detection"],"prefix":"10.1049","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Zhe","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering Hohai University Changzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4242-3642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering Hohai University Changzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yantao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering Hohai University Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingwei","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering Hohai University Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"265","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2024.110649","article-title":"Underwater Object Detection in Noisy Imbalanced Datasets","volume":"155","author":"Chen L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.10.039","article-title":"Rethinking General Underwater Object Detection: Datasets, Challenges, and Solutions","volume":"517","author":"Fu C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Cooperative Training Framework for Underwater Object Detection on a Clearer View","volume":"62","author":"Chen G.","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2021.3100059","article-title":"A New Dataset, Poisson GAN and AquaNet for Underwater Object Grabbing","volume":"32","author":"Liu C.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP40776.2020.9053829"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2021.3074738"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2022.108926"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2022.108792","article-title":"Learning Attention\u2010Guided Pyramidal Features for Few\u2010Shot Fine\u2010Grained Recognition","volume":"130","author":"Tang H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwac071"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10\u00a0651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10438-y","article-title":"An Efficient Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network for Industrial Surface Defect Detection","volume":"56","author":"Zhang D.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence Review"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2020.3035108","article-title":"Perceptual Underwater Image Enhancement With Deep Learning and Physical Priors","volume":"31","author":"Chen L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2023.3302888","article-title":"Is Underwater Image Enhancement All Object Detectors Need?","volume":"49","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8209","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2025.3545694","article-title":"Prior\u2010Guided Dual\u2010Reference Contrastive Learning for Underwater Object Detection","volume":"35","author":"Cao L.","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2023.3271644"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2022.3190209"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2022.3226202","article-title":"A Reinforcement Learning Paradigm of Configuring Visual Enhancement for Object Detection in Underwater Scenes","volume":"48","author":"Wang H.","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Task\u2010Friendly Underwater Image Enhancement for Machine Vision Applications","volume":"62","author":"Yu M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2024.104817","article-title":"Shape\u2010Guided Detection: A Joint Network Combining Object Detection and Underwater Image Enhancement Together","volume":"182","author":"Yang C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.105905","article-title":"Joint Image Enhancement Learning for Marine Object Detection in Natural Scene","volume":"120","author":"Cheng N.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","volume-title":"arXiv:2307.03536v1","author":"Fu C.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP51287.2024.10647683","volume-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","author":"Bahaduri B.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2024.102806"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2023.110222","article-title":"A Gated Cross\u2010Domain Collaborative Network for Underwater Object Detection","volume":"149","author":"Dai L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","first-page":"275","volume-title":"Computer Vision\u2013ECCV 2020","author":"Fan B.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2023.01.088"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2023.101749","article-title":"A Lightweight Object Detection Framework for Underwater Imagery With Joint Image Restoration and Color Transformation","volume":"35","author":"Zhou M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of King Saud University\u2010Computer and Information Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2024.110435","article-title":"UnitModule: A Lightweight Joint Image Enhancement Module for Underwater Object Detection","volume":"151","author":"Liu Z.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2025.3551533"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.123253","article-title":"PE\u2010Transformer: Path Enhanced Transformer for Improving Underwater Object Detection","volume":"246","author":"Gao J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Systems With Applications"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.124978"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2025.113811","article-title":"A Lightweight Network Enhanced by Attention\u2010Guided Cross\u2010Scale Interaction for Underwater Object Detection","author":"Zhang D.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2025.122109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3511621","article-title":"Divide\u2010and\u2010Conquer: Confluent Triple\u2010Flow Network for RGB\u2010T Salient Object Detection","volume":"47","author":"Tang H.","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","volume-title":"arXiv:2510.11115v1","author":"Tang H.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7012","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.3028289","article-title":"DPANet: Depth Potentiality\u2010Aware Gated Attention Network for RGB\u2010D Salient Object Detection","volume":"30","author":"Chen Z.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2024.111672","article-title":"A Dual\u2010Branch Joint Learning Network for Underwater Object Detection","volume":"293","author":"Wang B.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Knowledge\u2010Based Systems"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6129","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3072414","article-title":"Lightweight Deep Neural Network for Joint Learning of Underwater Object Detection and Color Conversion","volume":"33","author":"Yeh C.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.01155"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00986"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01350"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00349"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","volume-title":"arXiv:1906.07155v1","author":"Chen K.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2577031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00644"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.324"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00972"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","volume-title":"arXiv:2007.03496v3","author":"Zhu B.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","first-page":"21\u00a0002","article-title":"Generalized Focal Loss: Learning Qualified and Distributed Bounding Boxes for Dense Object Detection","volume":"33","author":"Li X.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","volume-title":"arXiv:1904.07850v2","author":"Zhou X.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","volume-title":"arXiv:2010.04159v1","author":"Zhu X.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2025.113902"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2025.113805"}],"container-title":["IET Image Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1049\/ipr2.70299","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1049\/ipr2.70299","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1049\/ipr2.70299","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T10:22:50Z","timestamp":1770200570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1049\/ipr2.70299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1049\/ipr2.70299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/ipr2.70299","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-9659","1751-9667"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-9659","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-9667","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70299"}}