{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T13:06:47Z","timestamp":1761570407594,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Engineering Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X\u2010linked genetic disease affecting 1 in 5000 young males worldwide annually. Patients experience muscle weakness and loss of ambulation at an early age, with \u223c75% reduced life expectancy. Recently developed genetic editing strategies aim to convert severe DMD phenotypes to a milder disease course. Among these, the antisense oligonucleotide (AO)\u2010mediated exon skipping and the adeno\u2010associated viral\u2010delivered clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) associated protein 9 (adeno\u2010associated viral (AAV)\u2010delivered CRISPR\/Cas9) gene editing have shown promising results in restoring dystrophin protein expression and functionality in skeletal and heart muscle in both animals and human cells in vivo and in vitro. However, therapeutic benefits currently remain unclear. The aim of this review is to compare the potential therapeutic benefits, efficacy, safety, and clinical progress of AO\u2010mediated exon skipping and CRISPR\/Cas9 gene\u2010editing strategies. Both techniques have demonstrated therapeutic benefit and long\u2010term efficacy in clinical trials. AAV\u2010delivery of CRISPR\/Cas9 may potentially correct disease\u2010causing mutations following a single treatment compared to the required continuous AO\/PMO\u2010delivery of exon skipping drugs. The latter has the potential to increase the dystrophin expression in skeletal\/heart muscle with sustained effects. However, therapeutic challenges including the need for optimised delivery must be overcome in to advance current clinical data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1049\/enb.2020.0017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T21:18:54Z","timestamp":1607635134000},"page":"37-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gene modification strategies using AO\u2010mediated exon skipping and CRISPR\/Cas9 as potential therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients"],"prefix":"10.1049","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Marthe Helene","family":"Solberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University  Epinal Way, Loughborough Leicestershire LE11 3TU 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