{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T20:28:40Z","timestamp":1780604920762,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare Tech Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A robust multistage decision\u2010based heart sound delineation (MDHSD) method is presented for automatically determining the boundaries and peaks of heart sounds (S1, S2, S3, and S4), systolic, and diastolic murmurs (early, mid, and late) and high\u2010pitched sounds (HPSs) of the phonocardiogram (PCG) signal. The proposed MDHSD method consists of the Gaussian kernels based signal decomposition (GSDs) and multistage decision\u2010based delineation (MDBD). The GSD algorithm first removes the low\u2010frequency (LF) artefacts and then decomposes the filtered signal into two subsignals: the LF sound part (S1, S2, S3, and S4) and the high\u2010frequency sound part (murmurs and HPSs). The MDBD algorithm consists of absolute envelope extraction, adaptive thresholding, and fiducial point determination. The accuracy and robustness of the proposed method is evaluated using various types of normal and pathological PCG signals. Results show that the method achieves an average sensitivity of 98.22%, positive predictivity of 97.46%, and overall accuracy of 95.78%. The method yields maximum average delineation errors of 4.52 and 4.14 ms for determining the start\u2010point and end\u2010point of sounds. The proposed multistage delineation algorithm is capable of improving the delineation accuracy under time\u2010varying amplitudes of heart sounds and various types of murmurs. The proposed method has significant potential applications in heart sounds and murmurs classification systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1049\/htl.2015.0010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,26]],"date-time":"2015-11-26T06:37:44Z","timestamp":1448519864000},"page":"156-163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Multistage decision\u2010based heart sound delineation method for automated analysis of heart sounds and murmurs"],"prefix":"10.1049","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"Nivitha Varghees","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Excellence in Computational Engineering and Networking Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University  Coimbatore 641 112 Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.I.","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Excellence in Computational Engineering and Networking Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University  Coimbatore 641 112 Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"265","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations","author":"Walker H.K.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/9780470544204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1987.326060"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2013.2294399"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection of the third and fourth heart sounds using Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","volume":"11","author":"Tseng Y.\u2010L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahlstrom C. Huit P. Ask P.: \u2018Detection of the 3rd heart sound using recurrence time statics\u2019.Proc. ICASSP 2006 pp.1040\u20131043","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2006.1660524"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet\u2010spr.2011.0170"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet\u2010spr.2010.0013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2014.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2013.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2010.1201"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02442475"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haghighi\u2010Mood A. Torry J.N.: \u2018A sub\u2010band energy tracking algorithm for heart sound segmentation\u2019 Comput. Cardiol. 1995 pp.501\u2013504","DOI":"10.1109\/CIC.1995.482711"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Heart sound segmentation algorithm based on heart sound envelolgram","volume":"24","author":"Liang H.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comput. Cardiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1109\/CIC.2005.1588267","article-title":"Detection and identification of heart sounds using homomorphic envelogram and self\u2010organizing probabilistic model","volume":"32","author":"Gill D.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Cardiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.608203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2014.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2009.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167\u20108655(02)00281\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239\u2010011\u20100065\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","unstructured":"eGeneralMedical heart murmur database. Available athttp:\/\/www.egeneralmedical.com\/listohearmur.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","unstructured":"Michigan heart sound and murmur library. Available athttp:\/\/www.med.umich.edu\/lrc\/psb\/heartsounds\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","unstructured":"Bioscience heart sound databases. Available athttp:\/\/int\u2010prop.lf2.cuni.cz\/heart_sounds\/h14\/sound.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manikandan M.S. Soman K.P. Dandapat S.: \u2018Quality\u2010driven wavelet based PCG signal coding for wireless cardiac patient monitoring\u2019.Proc. First Int. Conf. Wireless Technologies for Humanitarian Relief 2011 pp.519\u2013526","DOI":"10.1145\/2185216.2185346"}],"container-title":["Healthcare Technology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1049\/htl.2015.0010","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1049\/htl.2015.0010","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1049\/htl.2015.0010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T09:29:56Z","timestamp":1761557396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1049\/htl.2015.0010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1049\/htl.2015.0010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/htl.2015.0010","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-3713","2053-3713"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-3713","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-3713","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]]}}}