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Current approaches to treat bladder dysfunction in persons with SCI, including self\u2010catheterisation and anticholinergic medications, are inadequate, and novel approaches are required to restore continence with increased bladder capacity, as well as to provide predictable and efficient on\u2010demand voiding. Improvements in bladder function following SCI have been documented using a number of different modalities of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in both persons with SCI and animal models, including SCS alone or SCS with concomitant activity\u2010based training. Improvements include increased volitional voiding, voided volumes, bladder capacity, and quality of life, as well as decreases in NDO and DSD. Further, SCS is a well\u2010developed therapy for chronic pain, and existing Food And Drug Administration (FDA)\u2010approved devices provide a clear pathway to sustainable commercial availability and impact. However, the effective stimulation parameters and the appropriate timing and location of stimulation for SCS\u2010mediated restoration of bladder function require further study, and studies are needed to determine underlying mechanisms of action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1049\/htl.2020.0026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T22:32:59Z","timestamp":1589841179000},"page":"87-92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Spinal cord stimulation for the restoration of bladder function after spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1049","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Casey J.","family":"Steadman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University  Durham NC 27708 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren M.","family":"Grill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University  Durham NC 27708 USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Duke University  Durham NC 27708 USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Duke University  Durham NC 27708 USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Duke University  Durham NC 27708 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"265","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Center N.S.C.I.S.: \u2018Annual statistical report for the spinal cord injury model systems\u2019.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090\u20104295(99)00553\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090\u20104295(02)02243\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1995.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978\u20100\u2010444\u201063247\u20100.00005\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090\u20104295(97)00587\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20761"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2004.21.1371"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638280903420325"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2226"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.86"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.196"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2016.206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(21)00996-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.46"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in clients with spinal cord injury who use intermittent clean self catheterisation","volume":"21","author":"Moy M.T.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust. 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