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Although significant progress has been made, the state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art face recognition systems yield satisfactory performance only under controlled scenarios and they degrade significantly when confronted with real\u2010world scenarios. The real\u2010world scenarios have unconstrained conditions such as illumination and pose variations, occlusion and expressions. Thus, there remain plenty of challenges and opportunities ahead. Latterly, some researchers have begun to examine face recognition under unconstrained conditions. Instead of providing a detailed experimental evaluation, which has been already presented in the referenced works, this study serves more as a guide for readers. Thus, the goal of this study is to discuss the significant challenges involved in the adaptation of existing face recognition algorithms to build successful systems that can be employed in the real world. Then, it discusses what has been achieved so far, focusing specifically on the most successful algorithms, and overviews the successes and failures of these algorithms to the subject. It also proposes several possible future directions for face recognition. Thus, it will be a good starting point for research projects on face recognition as useful techniques can be isolated and past errors can be avoided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cvi.2014.0084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,25]],"date-time":"2015-02-25T10:22:35Z","timestamp":1424859755000},"page":"614-626","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["Face recognition: challenges, achievements and future directions"],"prefix":"10.1049","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Hassaballah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science South Valley University Qena 83523 Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Aswan University Aswan Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"265","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","volume-title":"Introduction to biometrics","author":"Anil K.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/954339.954342"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.824823"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.278"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","volume-title":"Handbook of face recognition","author":"Stan Z.L.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2011.5771338"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2010.374"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2210041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.229"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.225"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2013.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2013.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-014-0720-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.454"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.182"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2233489"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","volume-title":"Face processing: advanced modeling and methods","author":"Wenyi Z.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","volume-title":"Technical Report, NIST Interagency Report 7709","author":"Grother P.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2359577"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2013.2256752"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.268"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2009.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","first-page":"153","article-title":"Face recognition for web\u2010scale datasets","volume":"108","author":"Ortiz E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. 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