{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T01:30:03Z","timestamp":1776821403233,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]],"date-time":"2018-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P503\/12\/G147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P503\/12\/G147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IET Nanobiotechnology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Titanium dioxide (TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) has been vastly used commercially, especially as white pigment in paints, colorants, plastics, coatings, cosmetics. Certain industrial uses TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in diameter &lt;100\u00a0nm. There are three common exposure routes for TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    : (i) inhalation exposure, (ii) exposure via gastrointestinal tract, (iii) dermal exposure. Inhalation and gastrointestinal exposure appear to be the most probable ways of exposure, although nanoparticle (NP) penetration is limited. However, the penetration rate may increase substantially when the tissue is impaired. When TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs migrate into the circulatory system, they can be distributed into all tissues including brain. In brain, TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    lead to oxidative stress mediated by the microglia phagocytic cells which respond to TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs by the production and release of superoxide radicals that convert to multiple reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS production may also cause the damage of blood\u2013brain barrier which then becomes more permeable for NPs. Moreover, several studies have showed neuron degradation and the impairment of spatial recognition memory and learning abilities in laboratory rodent exposed to TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2017.0109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,19]],"date-time":"2018-03-19T22:18:13Z","timestamp":1521497893000},"page":"695-700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Penetration, distribution and brain toxicity of titanium nanoparticles in rodents' body: a review"],"prefix":"10.1049","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Zeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology and Molecular Psychiatry Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kotl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 2 611 37 Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"El\u2010Wui","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Evidence \u2013 based Health Care, Taipei Medical University \u2013 Shuang Ho Hospital No. 291, Zhongzheng Road, Zhonghe District New Taipei City 23561 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"\u010ciern\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin Koll\u00e1rova 2 03659 Martin Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"\u0160er\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology and Molecular Psychiatry Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kotl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 2 611 37 Brno Czech Republic"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology and Pathological Physiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Veve\u0159\u00ed 97 602 00 Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"265","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/38\/15\/006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4101735"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ar300043r"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9469"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/70.1.86"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfh019"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","first-page":"295","article-title":"Increased pulmonary toxicity of inhaled ultrafine particles \u2010 due to lung overload alone","volume":"38","author":"Oberdorster G.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Inhaled Particles VII"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0402.104118"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00103805"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-4-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2009.0797"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2010.2690"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2012.697494"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-008-8285-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1414"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2008.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.10.001"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","first-page":"477","article-title":"Nanoparticles toxicity and their routes of exposures","volume":"25","author":"Yah C.S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pak. 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