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Res."],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This research develops two models to consider retailer sales promotion and manufacturer trade promotion under demand uncertainty. The objective of the first model is to determine the retailer\u2019s optimal promotional effort and order quantity while maximizing the retailer\u2019s profit under exogenous trade promotion. The second model extends the first to consider the manufacturer\u2019s endogenous trade promotion decisions. For these models, three different trade promotion policies (off-invoice, scan-back, unsold-discount) have been compared to identify the policy that can increase the manufacturer\u2019s and the retailer\u2019s profits. For the model with exogenous trade promotion, the retailer\u2019s promotional effort level, order quantity, and profit are highest under the off-invoice trade promotion policy. With respect to the manufacturer\u2019s endogenous trade promotion decisions, the retailer\u2019s promotional effort level, order quantity, and profit, and the manufacturer\u2019s profit are higher under the off-invoice policy than under the scan-backs policy. When comparing the three different trade promotion policies, we also find that the wholesale price is a key factor that influences a manufacturer\u2019s profit. Our research sheds light on the importance of trade promotion policy in supply chain management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/ro\/2019086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T07:54:52Z","timestamp":1568102092000},"page":"S119-S145","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"Supplement","title":["Two-level promotion and ordering policy in a supply chain"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Yu-Chung","family":"Tsao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui-Ling","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu-Wen","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thuy-Linh","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei-Ling","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2017.02.012","volume":"187","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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