{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:28:58Z","timestamp":1787840938158,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["RAIRO-Oper. Res."],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is an application which focuses on building and improving road safety and transportation system of all kinds. To contemplate the capabilities of the ITS applications, data transmission between vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) should be highly efficient and reliable. One of the important technologies that facilitates ITS to achieve its goal is Vehicular\n                    <jats:italic>Ad hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                    network (VANET) which has envisioned benefits ranging from autonomous vehicles, improving road safety and reducing traffic congestion to entertainment services for passengers\u2019 convenience and comfort. However, with the emergence of 5G networks, it is imperative to integrate 5G and vehicular networks. To provide the needed resources for supporting these myriads of emerging applications, fog and edge computing have further been put into action at par with cloud computing. The technology of fog computing in 5G has turned out to be an adequate solution for faster processing in delay sensitive applications, such as VANETs, being a hybrid solution between fully centralized and fully distributed networks. Given the rise in popularity of ITS, which exhibit similarities to other intricate, interconnected systems, a substantial volume of data will be generated\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    vehicular networks. This data necessitates reliable and secure processing, highlighting the need for dedicated research on reliability. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the reliability and architectural issues of vehicular networks. In this paper, a novel architecture for fifth-generation VANETs (5G-V) is suggested which provides a seamless integration of 5G-V with cloud-fog-edge computing. A three-level hierarchical model is developed and its reliability metrics are obtained using analytical models. Stochastic modeling techniques like Markov chains and reliability block diagrams are used to develop these models. To demonstrate the viability of the given approach, numerical illustrations of the proposed models are presented graphically.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/ro\/2023189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T15:00:57Z","timestamp":1701874857000},"page":"129-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Reliability analysis of 5G-VANET using cloud-fog-edge based architecture"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1570-8535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ankit","family":"Bisht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1254-434X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vandana","family":"Khaitan (nee Gupta)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"5G Americas, Cellular V2X Communications Towards 5G (March 2018)."},{"key":"R2","first-page":"4135","volume":"34","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. \u2013 Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2328098","volume":"32","author":"Andrews","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6515060","volume":"51","author":"Araniti","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3390\/fi12110190","volume":"12","author":"Badidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"R6","first-page":"673","volume":"7","author":"Ball","year":"1995","journal-title":"Handb. Oper. Res. Manage. Sci."},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2015.7054724","volume":"22","author":"Bitam","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun."},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonomi F., Milito R., Natarajan P. and Zhu J., Fog computing: a platform for internet of things and analytics, in Big Data and Internet of Things: A Roadmap for Smart Environments, edited by Bessis N. and Dobre C.. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2014) 169\u2013186.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05029-4_7"},{"key":"R9","unstructured":"Cisco White Paper, Visual networking index: forecast and trends, 2017\u20132022 (February 2019)."},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox C., Architecture of the core network, Chapter 2, in An Introduction to 5G. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (2021) 29\u201353.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119602682.ch2"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2009.031101","volume":"5","author":"Dharmaraja","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Network Serv. Manage."},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2016.04.004","volume":"153","author":"Dharmaraja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Din S., Paul A., Ahmad A., Ahmed S.H., Jeon G. and Rawat D.B., Hierarchical architecture for 5G based software-defined intelligent transportation system, in IEEE INFOCOM 2018 \u2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS) (2018) 462\u2013467.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2018.8406895"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.3390\/app12042083","volume":"12","author":"Farooqi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600353","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun."},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta S. and Gupta V., Availability analysis of vehicular cloud computing, in Systems Performance Modeling. Vol. 4. Walter de Gruyter, Boston (2021) 21.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110619058-003"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10922-020-09582-5","volume":"29","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Network Syst Manage."},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.09.002","volume":"98","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Network Comput. App."},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700322","volume":"55","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.07.006","volume":"101","author":"Hussain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"R21","unstructured":"IoT connections forecast \u2013 mobility report (December 2022). https:\/\/www.ericsson.com\/en\/reports-and-papers\/mobility-report\/dataforecasts\/iot-connections-outlook."},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabashkin I., Dependability of V2I services in the communication network of the intelligent transport systems, in 2019 6th International Conference on Models and Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems (MT-ITS) (2019) 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/MTITS.2019.8883336"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.2019.1800050","volume":"3","author":"Khattak","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Stand. Mag."},{"key":"R24","first-page":"115","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Perform. Eng."},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3012961","volume":"22","author":"Masood","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morichetta A., Pujol V.C. and Dustdar S., A roadmap on learning and reasoning for distributed computing continuum ecosystems, 2021 IEEE International Conference on Edge Computing (EDGE) (2021) 25\u201331.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDGE53862.2021.00021"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petracca M., Pagano P., Pelliccia R., Ghibaudi M., Salvadori C. and Nastasi C., On-board unit hardware and software design for vehicular ad-hoc networks, in Roadside Networks for Vehicular Communications: Architectures, Applications, and Test Fields. IGI Global (2013) 38\u201356.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-2223-4.ch002"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030878","volume":"22","author":"Qafzezi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08907-0","volume":"122","author":"Rahmani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wireless Pers. Commun."},{"key":"R30","unstructured":"Rausand M. and Hoyland A., System Reliability Theory: Models, Statistical Methods, and Applications. Vol. 396, John Wiley & Sons (2003)."},{"key":"R31","unstructured":"Rausand M. and H\u00f8yland A., System Reliability Theory: Models, Statistical Methods and Applications. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ (2004)."},{"key":"R32","unstructured":"Reed T., INRIX global traffic scorecard (2019). http:\/\/inrix.com\/scorecard\/."},{"key":"R33","unstructured":"Sahner R.A., Trivedi K. and Puliafito A., Performance and Reliability Analysis of Computer Systems: An Example-Based Approach Using the SHARPE Software Package. Springer Science & Business Media, New York (2012)."},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700467","volume":"56","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-8174(81)90012-3","volume":"2","author":"Sharma","year":"1981","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng."},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163589","volume":"19","author":"Sheikh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5603518","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5603518","volume":"2018","author":"Shrestha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wireless Commun. Mobile Comput."},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.1997.585153","volume":"30","author":"Somani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2022.103557","volume":"211","author":"Songhorabadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Network Comput. App."},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stojmenovic I., Fog computing: a cloud to the ground support for smart things and machine-to-machine networks, in 2014 Australasian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ATNAC). IEEE (2014) 117\u2013122.","DOI":"10.1109\/ATNAC.2014.7020884"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-018-00542-8","volume":"70","author":"Tambawal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.4939288","volume":"47","author":"Uzc\u00e1tegui","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13173-021-00113-x","volume":"27","author":"Weber","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Braz. Comput. Soc."},{"key":"R44","unstructured":"World Health Organization, High-level meeting of the UN general assembly on global road safety. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/events\/detail\/2022\/06\/30\/default-calendar\/high-level-meeting-of-the-un-general-assembly-on-global-road-safety."},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2706756","volume":"19","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peva.2013.10.001","volume":"71","author":"Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perform. Eval."},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11040094","volume":"11","author":"Zantalis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2018.03.010","volume":"75","author":"Zekri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Networks"},{"key":"R49","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"Zhenchang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol."}],"container-title":["RAIRO - Operations Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.rairo-ro.org\/10.1051\/ro\/2023189\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T04:05:44Z","timestamp":1706241944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.rairo-ro.org\/10.1051\/ro\/2023189"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"alternative-id":["ro230433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/ro\/2023189","relation":{},"ISSN":["0399-0559","2804-7303"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0399-0559","type":"print"},{"value":"2804-7303","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}}}