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To attract more customers, this paper considers a customer\u2019s demand dependent on product selling price, stock level, and freshness level of the fresh items. Furthermore, this paper considers preservation technology investment (PTI) to mitigate the deterioration rate of the items and carbon tax regulation to curb down carbon emissions revealed from the supply chain activities. The Stackelberg game approach with a leader\u2013follower relationship is used considering the manufacturer as a leader and the retailer as a follower. Several theorems are developed to illustrate the concavity of the profit function and to find out the optimal solutions in which the objective is to maximize the manufacturer\u2019s total profit subject to the minimum total cost that the retailer is willing to incur. Several numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed models and the obtained results are compared for with and without carbon tax policy. Finally, sensitivity analysis with some key managerial insights is given to demonstrate the model. The results show that a product\u2019s freshness level influences consumers\u2019 decision to buy more, and that\u2019s why the freshness level is an important competitive tool to increase sales as well as the supply chain\u2019s total profit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/ro\/2024076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T20:01:23Z","timestamp":1711396883000},"page":"2339-2365","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Two-echelon supply chain with production disruption and controllable deterioration considering carbon emission under Stackelberg game approach"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Falguni","family":"Mahato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0536-069X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gour Chandra","family":"Mahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3293(99)00059-2","volume":"11","author":"Acebron","year":"2000","journal-title":"Food Qual. 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