{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T05:57:09Z","timestamp":1761631029497,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":180,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Security and Safety"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Metaverse is a significant field that is currently receiving considerable attention from both the industry and academia. The transformation of the Metaverse from science fiction to reality is being actively promoted by technology, industry, and capital. However, the development of the Metaverse is still in its early stages, and the system architecture and theoretical technology of the Metaverse are not yet mature. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the Metaverse and summarizes its holographic, omnipotent, multidimensional, and multifaceted characteristics. The development of the Metaverse is founded on the relevant infrastructure, and we elaborate on the primary components of the Metaverse infrastructure. Furthermore, we systematically summarize the security risks inherent in the Metaverse infrastructure. Based on this, we propose utilizing the system security technology concept to guide the construction of a Metaverse security protection system from various perspectives at each level of computing, cloud, network, digital assets, and terminals, in order to construct a secure foundation for addressing the Metaverse\u2019s security risks and challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/sands\/2023005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T19:11:58Z","timestamp":1681845118000},"page":"2023005","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Towards building a firm metaverse security base"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Anmin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4469-7619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiying","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yungeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","first-page":"3","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf Commun Technol"},{"key":"R2","first-page":"8","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Network Inf Secur"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.26599\/BDMA.2020.9020029","volume":"4","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Big Data Mining Anal"},{"key":"R4","unstructured":"Li Z. Cloud-Network Integration: Digital Information Infrastructure in the Age of Computility. Beijing: CITIC Press, 2022."},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"Lahiri U. Cybersecurity and the metaverse: Guardians of the new digital world, https:\/\/hackernoon.com\/cybersecurity-and-the-metaverse-guardians-of-the-new-digital-world."},{"key":"R6","first-page":"70","volume":"1","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Inf Secur"},{"key":"R7","first-page":"10","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Administration Reform"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"Lee L-H, Braud T and Zhou P et al. All one needs to know about metaverse: A complete survey on technological singularity, virtual ecosystem, and research agenda. ArXiv preprint [arXiv:2110.05352], 2021."},{"key":"R9","unstructured":"Lu J. Beware of the risks and dangers of the \u201cmetaverse fever\u201d and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the metaverse industry. http:\/\/www.cssn.cn\/zx\/bwyc\/202203\/t20220325_5400581.shtml."},{"key":"R10","first-page":"5","volume":"27","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Syst Appl"},{"key":"R11","first-page":"001","volume":"000","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Inf Secur"},{"key":"R12","first-page":"43","volume":"135","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Inf Secur"},{"key":"R13","first-page":"90","volume":"151","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Inf Secur"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu F and Hei X. AI, Machine Learning and Deep Learning: A Security Perspective. 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