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The article then delves into the limitations of traditional methods for ice load estimation, which rely heavily on empirical data, before discussing the innovative and more precise discrete element method (DEM) for ice load estimation. The article outlines the benefits of using DEM over traditional methods and explores the diverse software options available for modelling ice loads on marine structures, including commercial and open-source alternatives. The article emphasizes the importance of staying up-to-date with the latest advancements in technology and techniques for ice load estimation, highlighting the crucial role that precise and reliable ice load estimation plays in ensuring the safety and dependability of marine structures in extreme environments. Overall, the article provides a comprehensive summary of the evolution of ice load estimation techniques for marine structures, from past norms to the contemporary use of DEM and advanced software packages. 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