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Ils sont retrouv\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat libre, sous forme de virions, et aussi tr\u00e8s abondants dans les g\u00e9nomes de bact\u00e9ries, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat de prophages. Les bact\u00e9riophages sont pr\u00e9sents dans tous les biotopes colonis\u00e9s par les bact\u00e9ries, eaux, sols, environnements extr\u00eames, microbiotes humains, animaux et v\u00e9g\u00e9taux, o\u00f9 ils participent aux \u00e9changes g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques. 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